American Oil and Gas Reporter - July 2018 - 75

SpecialReport: New Tech & Geosciences
associated with instances in which the microseismic events
exhibit long, linear trends. Instead, the better wells are associated
with microseismic event clusters that conform to the shearwave time-lapse anomalies, indicating complex fracturing
(Figure 5).
Faults are a major control on hydraulic fracturing effectiveness.
Depending on fault orientation relative to maximum horizontal
stress orientation, faults can be conduits or barriers to seismicity
induced by hydraulic fracturing. The No. 2N well is one of the
better producers in the section. The microseismic data show a
strong influence in the presence of faults (Figure 6).
After two years on production, the 11 wells demonstrated as
much as a 15 percent differential in relative production, which
is expected to grow with time. Fundamentally, the difference
relates to reservoir heterogeneity. There is the presence of
increased spatial density of natural fractures in the western area
near and between the major faults. Pressure compartmentalization
associated with the faults also plays a role with higher pressures
within the western fault block. Finally, the hydraulic fracturing
treatment process was effective in creating larger volumes of
stimulated reservoir in the western area, as exhibited by the
monitor survey.
Based on the study, additional wells are warranted to access
reserves from the Niobrara and Codell in the Wishbone section.
Consequently, Anadarko has begun drilling six wells in the
Codell and eight in the B and C chalk intervals in each
section. It also is also studying the potential for refracturing
existing wells.
The Road Ahead
Permanent seismic monitoring can aid operators' quest to
better develop tight reservoirs. Monitoring enhances hydraulic
fracturing effectiveness to increase recovery and mitigate
potential reservoir damage. The industry must move from static
to dynamic reservoir characterization to fully understand the
hydraulic fracturing process in a variety of reservoirs and
settings using permanent reservoir monitoring systems that
FIGURE 6
Microseismic Well Data in Areas with Faults
Well 11N

1,000 ft

Well 2N

1,000 ft

enable active and passive recording of the seismic wave field.
If refracturing can access more reservoir rock throughout a
well's life, additional reserves can be recovered and maximize
the use of these valuable resources. Refracturing a well typically
costs only 20-30 percent of the cost of drilling and completing
a new well, but one of the largest hurdles to refrac treatments is
understanding proper wellbore placement. For refracturing to
be most successful in shale reservoirs, the new fractures need to
access areas of the reservoir that the initial fracturing treatments
did not adequately contact.
Permanent seismic monitoring will help to not only target
areas for refrac treatments, but also help convey how the rock
reacted to (and possibly changed as a result of) the initial frac
treatment. This information will help to optimize treatments
and determine how to design and apply refracs.
For oil and gas operators in the D-J Basin, a deeper understanding of hydraulic fracturing in these different formations
will allow for the optimization of two of the most important
technical factors in horizontal development: completions and
well spacing. Monitoring the influence of rock mass and overburden changes also will be pertinent to addressing environmental
and societal concerns with hydraulic fracturing.
r
OSCAR QUEZADA is a senior staff geophysicist at

Anadarko Petroleum Corp. in Denver. With 17 years of experience in reservoir characterization and project management
in both on- and offshore plays, he has expertise in integrated
analysis of geophysical, engineering and geologic data.
Quezada's most recent experience includes reservoir characterization in areas of hydraulic stimulation by integration
of seismic attributes, microseismic and engineering data.
He holds a degree in geophysics from the University of
Texas at El Paso.
THOMAS L. DAVIS is professor emeritus at the Colorado
School of Mines and serves in an advisory capacity to
CSM's Reservoir Characterization Project, which he founded
and led for more than three decades. Davis began his
teaching career at CSM in 1974 as a professor of geophysics
and retired in May 2016. He is the recipient of numerous
professional awards and honors, and was a distinguished
lecturer for the Society of Exploration Geophysicists. Davis
holds a B.S. in engineering from the University of
Saskatchewan, an M.S. in physics from the University of
Calgary, and a Ph.D. in geophysical engineering from Colorado School of Mines.
JULY 2018 75



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