American Oil and Gas Reporter - February 2019 - 47

SpecialReport: Unconventional Resource Science
FIGURE 2A
Marcellus 1H Proppant Tracers
And Gas Tracer Returns

FIGURE 2B
Marcellus 1H Log Plot with Gas Tracer Return
Percentage and Proppant Tracers
Divert-then-Perf

Divert-then-Perf

Perf-thenDivert

to seal as many clusters as possible without
causing a screen-out. The objective is to
leave only a few open perforations from
the prior stage in order to pump perforating
guns down for the next stage. The new
perforations can be broken down successfully because the prior stage is mainly
sealed and the next stage can begin. This
method ensures that no diversion material
passes new perforations but does introduce
a slightly higher risk of screen-out with
the diversion material prior to pumping
guns down hole for the next stage.
With all three plugless techniques,
each subsequent stage includes a perforation run to shoot new clusters prior to
fracturing. As mentioned, proppant tends
to concentrate toward the heel-side clusters
of an open interval. Chances are high
that toe-side clusters eventually will bridge
off with proppant or diverter from low
fluid velocity if new clusters are added
on the heel side. Only one composite
plug was used in both wells. It was run
in the Marcellus 1H to separate the diversionless lateral interval from the two
intervals completed with PLA diversion
techniques. It also provides a basis for
comparing the plugless methods to standard plug-and-perf methods.
Diagnostics used to evaluate the completion techniques included proppant trac-

Perf-then-Divert

Plugless and Diversionless

Plugless and Diversionless

ers, gas tracers, surface pressures and
well production. Iridium (red), scandium
(yellow) and antimony (blue) proppant
tracers were used in both wells. A postfracturing spectral gamma-ray log of the
wellbores provided gamma-ray counts
for each proppant tracer along the length
of the wellbore.
The completion techniques were traced
with unique gas tracers so that they could
be compared with one another to see
which method returned the highest values.
Each unique segment was traced with
the same amount of gas tracer to provide
the best comparison between techniques.
Surface treating pressures, instantaneous
shut-in pressures, breakdown pressures
and diversion response pressures along
with treating rates were recorded and compared between stages in both wells. Additionally, well production volumes and
casing pressures were compared with direct
or nearby offsets to gauge the success of
the plugless completions techniques.
Marcellus 1H Results
Overall, the plugless and diversionless
technique (stages 1-20) gave the best results in the Marcellus 1H well (Figure
1). The proppant tracers had the most
transverse signature and nearly every
cluster was stimulated, even in the odd-

FIGURE 3A
Proppant Signature with Diversionless
And Plugless Stages

numbered stages where proppant tracers
were not used. Additionally, gas tracers
returned the highest from the plugless
and diversionless stages. The perf-thendivert stages had the fewest stimulated
clusters and the lowest gas tracer returns.
Proppant was well contained compared
with the other two methods. The divertthen-perf stages had good cluster efficiency
and were better contained than the plugless
and diversionless stages. Gas tracer returns
were average.
Figures 2A and 2B show the gas tracer
returns and proppant tracer counts along
the wellbore for the three plugless methods.
Gas tracer returns are shown in the visual
rendering as the translucent disks around
the wellbore. The disk diameter is proportional to the returns. The gas tracer
returns from each gas-traced segment
also are plotted numerically in the log.
The proppant tracer log shows that
plugless and diversionless stages were
very transverse in their fracturing behavior.
In addition, because diversion materials
and plugs were not used, the proppant is
not well contained. However, there is a
limit to the distance the proppant travels
from the parent stage perforations. Proppant
typically traveled into the prior two stages
before tapering off from reduced rates.
The plugless and diversionless technique

FIGURE 3B
Proppant Signature
With Divert-then-Perf Stages

FEBRUARY 2019 47



American Oil and Gas Reporter - February 2019

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Contents
American Oil and Gas Reporter - February 2019 - Intro
American Oil and Gas Reporter - February 2019 - 1
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