American Oil and Gas Reporter - April 2022 - 65
was more uniform in the heel-half, but
skewed toward B4H in the toe-half. B4H
is located at a shallower depth compared
with B2H, while B3H is deeper. Deeper
fractures would be expected to be significantly
more propped compared with
shallower fractures from proppant settling
behavior. Therefore, it was assumed that
fractures would have significantly more
drainage in the deeper layers than in shallower
layers with respect to observed
fractures/proppant in B2H.
This would lead to the conclusion that
more preferential fracture growth should
be expected eastward at deeper depths
compared with growth observed in shallower
depths, which would be in line
with observations from the cross-well
strain response.
Preferential Growth Trend
Finally, the source mechanisms from
moment tensor inversion on microseismic
events observed during B2H's treatment
were investigated, considering the significant
variability in proppant distribution
across B2H child zone. Our interpretation
is that there is preferential growth toward
parent BR1H/BR2H in the toe-half of
this zone versus the heel-half, where more
fractures traveled westward. Identifying
events that are double couple versus compensated
linear vector dipole (CLVD) can
indicate zones where most fractures show
shear failure with the former versus areas
where we tend to see tensile failure with
the latter.
Typically, we expect the microseismicity
to be dominated by shear fracturing,
as has been observed in many of the field
microseismic datasets. However, the toeend
of the well shows a preponderance
of CLVD or opening-mode failures.
More opening-mode failure toward
the toe of B2H could indicate re-activation
of pre-existing fractures during
stimulation, which would suggest a relatively
higher impact of BR1H/BR2H
completions in this section compared
with the middle of B2H. Moreover, we
would expect more propped fractures
with tensile fracturing compared with
shear fracturing. The difference in the
two sections is relative, with significant
tensile mode fracturing likely occurring
across the entire lateral, as would be
expected in typical fracturing operations.
This transition seems to occur around
stages 11-13 in B2H.
The HFTS 2 study demonstrates the
viability of the new proppant detection
and classification methodology. Analysis
of the data suggests that the parent
wells had a significant impact on the
proximal new child well. This includes
both BR1H/BR2H to the east and
TR7H/TR8H to the west. This translated
to observable proppant transport over
more than 3,000 feet in the case of the
TR7H/TR8H laterals.
A proppant log can help identify locations
where significant propped or
" mother " fractures exist, which can have
an adverse impact in terms of cross-well
communication and child well productivity.
A proppant log can be a useful tool in assessing
well spacing, indicating locations
of mother fractures and predicting interwell
communication will be the strongest
before frac operations begin. The approach
also can help explain post-completion
well behavior.
❒
Editor's Note: The authors acknowledge
Occidental and Shell for hosting
HFTS 2 and providing access to significant
background data, Optasense for
fiber data collection and quality control,
and Borehole Seismic for microseismic
data collection and processing. This material
is based on work supported by the
U.S. Department of Energy under Award
Number DE-FE0031577.
DEBOTYAM
MAITY
Debotyam Maity is a senior engineer in the energy supply & conversion group at the Gas
Technology Institute. He has worked with GTI for the past eight years, and his research interests
include data analytics, reservoir characterization, and hydraulic fracturing optimization and
diagnostics. Maity has been involved with various DOE-funded research projects, including the
HFTS 1 and HFTS 2 demonstration programs in the Permian Basin. He holds three patents in
hydraulic fracturing completion techniques and diagnostics. Maity has an M.S. and a Ph.D. in
petroleum engineering from University of Southern California.
JORDAN
CIEZOBKA
Jordan Ciezobka is a senior engineer in completion and stimulation research at the Gas
Technology Institute, where he helps manage unconventional oil and gas research and demonstration
programs, such as HFTS 1 and HFTS 2. Ciezobka joined GTI in 2010 after starting
his career as a field engineer with a major oil field service company in Texas. His experience
includes hydraulic fracturing design and execution in multiple unconventional formations, including
tight sands and shales. He is also experienced in cement design and execution. Ciezobka
holds a B.S. in mechanical engineering from Purdue University.
APRIL 2022 65
American Oil and Gas Reporter - April 2022
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of American Oil and Gas Reporter - April 2022
Contents
American Oil and Gas Reporter - April 2022 - Intro
American Oil and Gas Reporter - April 2022 - Cover1
American Oil and Gas Reporter - April 2022 - Cover2
American Oil and Gas Reporter - April 2022 - Contents
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American Oil and Gas Reporter - April 2022 - Cover3
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