American Oil and Gas Reporter - November 2022 - 65
to be approved in December. But as of
late October, it remains unclear whether
any changes to the CWA can receive
enough support to be included.
As is, the CWA gives states a tool for
blocking projects they deem unnecessary.
States are not supposed to reassess a
FERC determination that a project is in
the " public convenience and necessity, "
but several have used their authority under
the CWA to reject projects for which
they openly question the need.
Other Obstacles
Almost every state owns many acres
of land outright, and some states have
taken conservation easements over land
they do not own. States have used
landowner status to block or delay the
routing of a project-both by denying
access to the land needed by the project
to conduct environmental studies and
by prohibiting use of the land for facilities
FERC has approved. In a case involving
the PennEast pipeline (one of the canceled
projects in Figure 1), the U.S.
Supreme Court held pipelines can condemn
state-owned land, but as landowners,
states still can substantially delay
projects.
The federal government also owns
large areas of land and can designate
areas as national parks and national forests.
While national parks essentially are offlimits
to pipelines, this is not the case for
national forests. However, crossing them
has recently and repeatedly become an
obstacle for project developers because
opposition groups can challenge the federal
government's decisions to approve pipelinerelated
land use. Federal ownership may
FIGURE 2
Successful Pipeline Projects
261 Upgrade
Atlantic Bridge
Empire North
2.0
1.5
1.0
Vaporization Capacity Increase
and BOG Compressor
Eastern System Upgrade
Valley Lateral
Line T2KNY Install, Line TNY Replacement,
and Line KNY Abandonment
Connecticut Expansion
0.5
0.0
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
NOVEMBER 2022 65
New Market
New York Bay Expansion
Algonquin Incremental Market
Salem Lateral
Northern Access 2015
East Side Expansion
Niagara Expansion
become an even bigger obstacle if the
federal government becomes more hostile
to pipeline development.
Even on privately owned land, activities
must comply with the Endangered
Species Act. Sometimes opposition
groups have challenged federal approvals
as insufficiently protective. These challenges,
like those to grants over federal
lands, have slowed reviews and led to
approvals being reversed and the review
process starting over.
As part of their permit applications, developers
must demonstrate a project causes
no harm to any land or historical locations
in which a recognized Native American
tribe has an interest, even if the project's
route does not cross that land. Similarly,
nontribal land or objects of historical importance
may not be adversely affected by
a project. Both these stipulations have delayed
projects, although not as significantly
as the previously discussed issues.
Environmental justice always has
been a concern during FERC project reviews.
This consideration has become
more prominent as several federal agencies
have begun to recognize that historical
development had a larger impact
on low-income and minority populations.
Planned projects traversing the same
areas may perpetuate the disparate impact
on those communities; this concern already
has led to project delays and its
attention in the review process is expected
to increase.
Possible Paths Forward
As shown in Figure 2, several projects
managed to be permitted and built during
and after the Constitution Pipeline saga.
More than 2 billion cubic feet a day in
capacity was added to various areas
from New York through New England.
But even for successful projects, the
path is not short. For the projects in
Figure 2, the time from when they first
approached FERC to when they were
placed into service ranged from 20 to
67 months, with the median right at
three years.
It has been difficult to build new projects
in the region, but not impossible.
To maximize their chances of success,
pipeline developers may try to limit work
in hostile states. This is the approach
Williams' Transcontinental Pipeline is
using for Regional Energy Access, a project
pending before FERC to provide an
additional 820,000 dekatherms a day of
capacity from the Marcellus/Utica region
with deliveries along the East Coast.
Most of the anchor shippers are local
distribution companies.
That additional capacity is created
through a combination of new pipeline
(about 36 miles), installation of one new
electric-driven compressor, and increasing
horsepower at five existing compressor
stations. Critically, the pipeline additions
are limited to Pennsylvania, a state that
has not yet joined its neighbors in using
the water quality certificate process to
block projects. For REA, Pennsylvania
took the full year available under the
CWA to make its decision, but ultimately
approved the project-even before a FERC
ruling.
Although REA has not yet received
FERC approval, its strategy may be replicable
for projects into the New England
region. One concern, though, is a major
Additional Capacity (Bcf/d)
American Oil and Gas Reporter - November 2022
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of American Oil and Gas Reporter - November 2022
Contents
American Oil and Gas Reporter - November 2022 - Intro
American Oil and Gas Reporter - November 2022 - Cover1
American Oil and Gas Reporter - November 2022 - Cover2
American Oil and Gas Reporter - November 2022 - Contents
American Oil and Gas Reporter - November 2022 - 4
American Oil and Gas Reporter - November 2022 - 5
American Oil and Gas Reporter - November 2022 - 6
American Oil and Gas Reporter - November 2022 - 7
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American Oil and Gas Reporter - November 2022 - Cover3
American Oil and Gas Reporter - November 2022 - Cover4
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