American Oil and Gas Reporter - July 2023 - 79

SpecialReport: The CCS Journey
and other infrastructure necessary to
inject and give our customers the full
45Q tax credit. "
Safety Measures
Operating a Class VI well requires
companies to monitor the carbon dioxide's
movement, Wood notes. " One technique
Denbury has learned to do well over the
years is 4-D seismic, " he says. " By periodically
taking 3-D seismic and comparing
how the reflections change over time, we
can see where fluids are and track the
CO2 as it moves through the reservoir.
" We also do a lot of surface monitoring, "
he adds. " We test for chemical
changes at the surface and drill monitor
wells throughout the storage site to watch
how pressure changes at various points. "
If something unexpected occurs and
CO2 begins migrating, the site's operator
will need to implement the emergency response
plan detailed in the Class VI permit.
" These plans look similar to the ones for
our EOR projects, so we are versed in
how to build them, " Wood assures.
" We hope to have our first permit to
inject in early 2025, but it could take
longer, " Wood reflects. " In general, we
should get permits long before our customers
finish retrofitting carbon capture
equipment or bringing their greenfield
facilities on line. The early movers will
get the benefit of going into EOR before
switching to dedicated storage. "
Gradual Expansion
Even the best storage sites eventually
fill. Most of Denbury's sites will operate
well beyond 12 years before they need to
be replaced, Wood calculates. He says
the company is constantly assessing new
storage sites.
Over time, Wood sees Denbury's
pipeline network in the Gulf Coast extending
east and west as new facilities
come on line and existing facilities install
carbon capture technology.
While he acknowledges that long-distance
pipelines can be challenging, Wood
describes smaller projects, such as 10-30
mile pipelines that connect an emitter to
a storage site, as relatively simple. " It
takes a couple years to get the permits
and build the pipeline, but we are familiar
with the process, " he says.
CO2 pipelines generally use thicker
walls than natural gas pipelines to achieve
higher pressure ratings, Wood notes. He
points out that the ANSI standard for
natural gas pipelines (Class 600) specifies
a maximum pressure of 1,480 psi, while
the one for CO2 pipelines (Class 900)
recommends 2,200 psi. " The higher pressure
keeps the CO2 in a supercritical
phase, which means it acts like a liquid, "
he explains. " This lets us energize the
fluid with pump stations rather than compressors.
The pumps are more efficient,
so they need less horsepower to get the
CO2 where it needs to go. "
Denbury's unique pipeline network
allows CO2 to be sent wherever it can be
used rather than tying specific sources to
specific destinations, Wood says. The
network can even move emissions from
an emitter who is receiving the carbon
storage credit into EOR facilities as long
as an equivalent amount from the company's
natural source of CO2 goes into
dedicated storage. Wood says the network
approach dramatically increases reliability
of CO2 takeaway, saves money and expands
the system's capacity.
" If we had to move every client's CO2
across the majority of our Gulf Coast
system, starting say in southeast Louisiana
and going all the way to the Hastings
Field near Houston, we could only transport
about 15 million tons a year, " he estimates.
" But in reality, the system is being designed
to have emitters and storage sites distributed
all across it. Since the carbon only needs
to move a short distance, the system will
have much higher hydraulic capacity. "
That capacity will continue to grow
as Denbury adds storage sites and customers,
Wood says. " We expect to reach
50 million tons a year with a minimal
capital investment, " he reports.
Broader Impact
As the carbon capture and storage
(CCS) market matures, it will yield wideranging
benefits, says Chris Davis, senior
vice president at Milestone Carbon LLC.
" CCS has the potential to decarbonize
products that help create the building
blocks for our standard of living, including
electricity, cement, petrochemicals and
fertilizer, " he explains.
Davis adds that CCS can help the
United States improve its energy security
by diversifying its energy mix. " Permanent
storage is an enabler for many lowcarbon
fuels, including hydrogen, and
new carbon removal technologies, such
as direct air capture, that the United
States is positioned to capitalize on. In
addition to a supportive regulatory climate,
our long history of oil and gas development
means we have extensive experience
transporting and injecting waste
streams into the subsurface. "
This slurry injection facility is one of many that Milestone Environmental Services
operates to handle oil field waste. The company says a subsidiary, Milestone Carbon LLC,
is applying permit application best practices and other lessons from these facilities to
speed development of carbon storage sites.
JULY 2023 79

American Oil and Gas Reporter - July 2023

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of American Oil and Gas Reporter - July 2023

Contents
American Oil and Gas Reporter - July 2023 - Intro
American Oil and Gas Reporter - July 2023 - Cover1
American Oil and Gas Reporter - July 2023 - Cover2
American Oil and Gas Reporter - July 2023 - Contents
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American Oil and Gas Reporter - July 2023 - Cover3
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