American Oil and Gas Reporter - September 2023 - 81

SpecialReport: CCS Feasibility Studies
falls between 18 and 30 GT today. This
capacity will continue to grow with ongoing
production.
Potential Concerns
CO2 injectivity and reservoir integrity
are highly dependent on the geomechanical
behavior of the stimulated fracture network
under high-pressure injections and the
interaction of this network with undiscovered
geologic faults. Long-term injection
into an unconventional reservoir
may extend the initial hydraulic fracture
network by changing poroelastic stresses,
which may vary substantially from the
initial state because of slowly pressurized
rock volumes or nearby fracturing or production
activities.
Such changes can occur even if the
well's operator keeps injection pressures
below the fracture gradient.
Generally, a CO2 storage interval within
an unconventional reservoir is adjacent
to overlying or underlying intervals subject
to hydrocarbon production or saltwater
disposal. In these cases, evaluating the
geomechanical effects of CO2 injection
into a specific interval cannot be done by
modeling that specific interval alone but
rather requires a poroelastic model that
spans several overlying or underlying
layers. This is largely because of the extension
of pore pressure diffusion through
a conductive fault or far-field poroelastic
stress disturbance during long-term injection
or production.
Also, an unconventional reservoir's
ability to hold pressurized CO2 in the
long term may be compromised by a
caprock fault breach resulting from reactivation
of this fault.
These problems can be addressed rigorously
using a fully coupled poroelastic
model that solves for pore fluid flow, fracture
fluid flow and stress analysis and
outputs a propagated fracture network or
fault reactivation criterion. For instance,
porelastic models have been developed in
the commercial software program Abaqus
and applied extensively to simulate hydraulic-fracture
propagation; interpret microseismic
surveys of hydraulic fracturing;
analyze saltwater-disposal fault reactivation
in cases with concurrent disposal and production
in stacked reservoirs; and simulate
hydraulic fracture reopening.
Past geomechanical studies on fault
reactivation confirm that the modeling
domain must extend beyond the storage
interval. The workflow and principles in
these studies can be readily applied to
CO2 storage projects.
A commonly adopted fault reactivation
criterion is the Coulomb Failure Stress
(CFS), which involves shear stress, 

American Oil and Gas Reporter - September 2023

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of American Oil and Gas Reporter - September 2023

Contents
American Oil and Gas Reporter - September 2023 - Intro
American Oil and Gas Reporter - September 2023 - Cover1
American Oil and Gas Reporter - September 2023 - Cover2
American Oil and Gas Reporter - September 2023 - Contents
American Oil and Gas Reporter - September 2023 - 4
American Oil and Gas Reporter - September 2023 - 5
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American Oil and Gas Reporter - September 2023 - Cover3
American Oil and Gas Reporter - September 2023 - Cover4
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