AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 98

WXWATCH
perfectly legal VFR conditions, and still have a big problem. Rain falling from the warm front’s stratus layers can turn to freezing rain in the clear air of the receding cold air mass. One minute you’re in perfect weather; the next, your airplane is flash-frozen in freezing rain. Generalizations aside, it’s important to remember that freezing rain can be very localized, and is one of the trickiest precipitation types to predict. METARs, TAFs, area forecasts, sigmets, airmets, pireps, and low-level significant weather

prognosis (“prog”) charts are useful, as always, for a heads-up. But predicting the time that freezing rain begins is notoriously difficult. Temperature-critical Besides its localized nature, freezing rain is heavily dependent on a specific temperature range. That’s one reason it’s so hard to predict. For freezing rain to occur, temperatures must be between 0 and minus 5 degrees Celsius (32 and 23 degrees Fahrenheit). Any warmer, and rain falls. Any colder, and ice pellets (abbreviator: PL) can form. Ice pellets

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and sleet are the same thing, but it’s “PL” in today’s aviation weather reports and forecasts, so we’ll stick with that. In any event, predicting within a few degrees is daunting—even with modern supercomputers crunching scores of computer models several times a day. The depth and temperature of the vertical air column also plays a big part. If snow falls through a layer of abovefreezing air aloft, then into a deep subfreezing layer beneath that, it will melt and refreeze into ice pellets. The entire trip to the surface can begin at 10,000 feet agl. Freezing rain depends on a shallow layer of subfreezing air—typically 1,500 to 2,000 feet thick. To further complicate matters, freezing rain can happen at any altitude where a temperature inversion exists. Although we think of freezing rain as a

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Keep an eagle eye on your outside air temperature gauge.
ground-hugging event, this isn’t always so. All that’s needed is a warm, rainy layer of clouds above a shallower layer of subfreezing air. All of this should serve as a reminder to keep an eagle eye on your outside air temperature (OAT) gauge. If temperatures are in the danger range, you’ve got fair warning of one important element in the freezing rain equation. Too bad so many pilots leave the OAT gauge out of their instrument scans. Big, fat droplets Rime ice has a rough and pebbly surface, and it tends to build around the impingement points (the impact points where droplets accrete on leading edges and other projections). Clear- and largedroplet ice is transparent, splatters on impact, and then runs back along airfoils and other surfaces. Why this “runback” ice? Because clear icing is caused by comparatively large water droplets of about 15 to 50 microns in diameter. (A typical human hair has a diameter of 25 microns.) What’s more, clear icing forms in warmer air (0 to minus 10 degrees C/32 to 14 degrees F) than rime, which lives in the minus 10 to minus 20-degree C/14 to minus 4-degree F range. Put clear ice’s droplet volume together with its viscosity and you have the reason for its runback behavior.
AOPA PILOT •

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98 •

OCTOBER 2010


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AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010

AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010
Contents
President's Position
Hangar Talk
AOPA Action
Letters
Waypoints
Proficient Pilot
Safety Pilot
License to Learn
Pilot Counsel
Fly Well
Pilot Briefing
Epic Flights: Coastal Maine in Autumn
Could It Happen to You?
GA Serves America: Above the Spill
Great Shot
Crossover Classic Sweepstakes: Landing a Good One
Everything But the Pilot
Responding to a Demand
Wx Watch: Freezing Rain Facts
Frugal Flier: Save Some Gas
Technique: Sit Back and Relax, It’s Going to be A Nice Flight
Never Again
AOPA Aviation Summit
Pilots
Fly By Wire
AOPA Pilot Online
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - Cover2
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 1
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - Contents
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 3
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - President's Position
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 5
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - Hangar Talk
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 7
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 8
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 9
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 10
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 11
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - AOPA Action
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 13
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 14
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 15
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 16
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 17
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 18
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 19
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 20
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 21
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 22
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - Letters
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 24
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 25
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - Waypoints
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 27
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - Proficient Pilot
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 29
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - Safety Pilot
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 31
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - License to Learn
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 33
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - Pilot Counsel
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 35
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - Fly Well
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 37
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 38
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 39
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - Pilot Briefing
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 41
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 42
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 43
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 44
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 45
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 46
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 47
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - Epic Flights: Coastal Maine in Autumn
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 49
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 50
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 51
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 52
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 53
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 54
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 55
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - Could It Happen to You?
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 57
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 58
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 59
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 60
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 61
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 62
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 63
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - GA Serves America: Above the Spill
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 65
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 66
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 67
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 68
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 69
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 70
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 71
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 72
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - Great Shot
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 74
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 75
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 76
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 77
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 78
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 79
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 80
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - Crossover Classic Sweepstakes: Landing a Good One
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 82
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 83
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 84
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 85
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 86
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - Everything But the Pilot
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 88
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 89
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 90
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 91
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 92
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - Responding to a Demand
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 94
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 95
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 96
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - Wx Watch: Freezing Rain Facts
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 98
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 99
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 100
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - Frugal Flier: Save Some Gas
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 102
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 103
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 104
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - Technique: Sit Back and Relax, It’s Going to be A Nice Flight
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 106
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 107
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - Never Again
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 109
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 110
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 111
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 112
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - AOPA Aviation Summit
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - Pilots
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - Fly By Wire
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 116
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 117
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 118
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - 119
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - AOPA Pilot Online
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - Cover3
AOPA Pilot Magazine - November 2010 - Cover4
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