AOPA Pilot Magazine - April 2019 - 92

AOPA

P&E

WX WATCH

PILOT
GUIDES

TROUGHS ALOFT

are reflected in
surface temperature
charts. The chart
at left shows the
surface effects of
of a trough's cold
air dipping into
the western and
midwestern states.

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FOR FLYING THE ISLANDS

THIS 300-MILLIBAR

constant-pressure
chart shows a
trough aloft and its
jet stream winds
at 30,000 feet.
Wind speeds as
high as 130 knots
are within one core
of strong winds
located just east of
the trough's axis
over the western
states. Moderate to
severe turbulence
was reported east of
the trough as winds
blew across the
Rockies.

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LONG ISLAND, BAHAMAS
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as the jet stream, that causes much of our
airmet and sigmet weather.
Here's a simplified description of how
this often works: Where warmer air from
the south meets one of those cold troughs
from the north, right-turning Coriolis
forces team up to generate high-altitude
westerly winds around the bend in the
upper-level trough's axis. They blow the
fastest at the apex of the trough, where
the battle between pressure gradient forces
(which draw air toward the trough's parent
low-pressure center) and Coriolis forces
(which move to the right, away from low
pressure) are in balance. But once this fastmoving air rounds the bend it often slows
down as the pressure gradient slackens.
This in turn can cause a divergence of air
aloft. To compensate for this, air at the surface converges, which in turn causes rising
92 | AOPA PILOT April 2019

air, low pressure centers, and their attendant cold and warm fronts.
In the colder months, warm fronts cause
plenty of trouble because they cover a large
area, often producing instrument meteorological conditions in snow farther ahead of
the front's surface position, snow and ice
pellets (sleet) closer to the front, and freezing rain immediately ahead of the front.
Sometimes, when the pressure gradient remains tight after emerging from a
trough's boundary, wind speeds of up to
200 knots can form in jet stream cores.
But the tug of war between pressure gradient and Coriolis forces still hangs in
there, because if there's any decrease in
wind speed, pressure gradient begins to
exert itself and in so doing creates lifting
forces. But not for long, because Coriolis
force quickly responds in the other



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AOPA Pilot Magazine - April 2019

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of AOPA Pilot Magazine - April 2019

Contents
AOPA Pilot Magazine - April 2019 - Intro
AOPA Pilot Magazine - April 2019 - Cover1
AOPA Pilot Magazine - April 2019 - Cover2
AOPA Pilot Magazine - April 2019 - Contents
AOPA Pilot Magazine - April 2019 - 2
AOPA Pilot Magazine - April 2019 - 3
AOPA Pilot Magazine - April 2019 - 4
AOPA Pilot Magazine - April 2019 - 5
AOPA Pilot Magazine - April 2019 - 6
AOPA Pilot Magazine - April 2019 - 7
AOPA Pilot Magazine - April 2019 - 8
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AOPA Pilot Magazine - April 2019 - Cover3
AOPA Pilot Magazine - April 2019 - Cover4
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