Archaeology Magazine - January/February 1979 - 43

Museum of Underwater Archaeology in Turkey.
Identification of types of wood used in the ship
may provide clues to its origin.
Robert Brill of the Corning Museum of Glass
hopes to analyze the glass finds to determine if they
all came from the same source and possibly to
determine where that source was. A stylistic
comparison of hundreds of different glass shapes
found on the wreck with those known from land
excavations will supplement these analyses, and -will
at the same time aid museum curators to properly
date glass finds of uncertain origin in their
collections. At the conclusion of these studies we
should have gained much new evidence for the
manufacture and trade òf Mediaeval glass.
Remains of peaches, olives, grapes, lentils and
various animals may also provide clues to the route
of the ship. Their find spots on the site may tell us
which, if any, were items of cargo and which were
used for shipboard meals, adding to our knowledge
of ancient trade and life at sea. Contents of
amphorae, some still sealed, must be studied
along with the Greek letters inscribed on them.
Additionally, we must learn if the weapons
discovered were for defense or trade and where
they were produced.
When all the coins are found we should be
able to determine their total purchasing power; a
study óf the balance weights will reveal the weight
standards carried and thus the geographical areas
in which a merchant on board was prepared to
trade. The fishing weights may indicate, as did
those from the seventh-century Yassi Ada wreck,
what types of fish were caught and perhaps even
the season in which the ship last sailed.
All of these finds must be examined in the light
of knowledge gained from contemporaneous
commercial documents especially those from the
Cairo Geniza, so thoroughly studied by S.D. Goitein
of the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton,
New Jersey. These remarkable Jewish documents,
preserved for nearly a millennium because the
name of God was written or might have been
written on them, include contracts, bills of lading
and business letters, at least one of which gives
prices for a partial cargo of glass. Other records
and correspondence detail business arrangements
of merchants and craftsmen including those who
traded or manufactured most of the types of goods,
from millstones to wine to weapons, found on the
Serçe Liman shipwreck.
Although much research lies ahead, a few
tentative conclusions have been reached. The ship
seems to have sunk about a.d. 1025, based on
Byzantine coins of Basil II (a.d. 976-1025) and the
four Islamic glass weights found in 1977, the latest
being from the time of the Fatimid caliph al-Zahir

(a.d. 1020-1035) according to Michael L. Bates of
the American Numismatic Society. As is so often
the case in archaeology, these conclusions may be
changed by discoveries made during the final days
of excavation. Additonal glass weights and a
number of gold Islamic coins, not yet identified,
recendy came to light and could change the dating
of the wreck.
Nor is the nationality of the ship yet certain.
Although amphorae on board are certainly
Byzantine Greek, smaller terracotta vessels
including bowls, pots and pitchers seem to be
Islamic in origin, as do the intact cups, tumblers,
bowls, bottles and pitchers of glass found separate
from the cargo of cullet and broken glass. Because
these smaller items were presumably for shipboard
use., all having come from "living quarters,"
the ship was probably at least in Moslem
hands when she sank. Some of the broken glass in
the cargo also seems to be Islamic in origin, but
dozens of shapes remain to be identified, and
others were too widely spread throughout the
Moslem world, from Persia to Egypt, to allow a
determination of their source or sources at this
time. Fieldwork at Serçe Liman, now nearing
completion, provides only a preface to the story
the ship eventually will tell.
The excavation was made possible by funds
from the Institute of Nautical Archaeology, Texas
A&M University, the National Geographic Society,
the National Science Foundation, the Corning Glass
Works Foundation and F. Alex Nason.
For Further Reading on the Serçe Liman
shipwreck: George F. Bass, A History of Seafaring
based on Underwater Archaeology (London and New
York 1972), with an especially useful chapter on
Byzantine ships by F. van Doorninck; George F.
Bass, "Glass Treasure from the Aegean," National
Geographic 153 (June 1978):786-793, a popular
account of the 1977 excavation with excellent color
photographs; George F. Bass and Frederick H. van
Doorninck, Jr., "An 11th Century Shipwreck at
Serçe Liman, Turkey," International Journal of
Nautical Archaeology 7(1978): 119-132, the 1977
excavation report with parallels for finds; S.D.
Goitein, A Mediterranean Society I (Berkeley and Los
Angeles 1967), a monumental and fascinating study
of Jewish documents from Egypt, many of them
commercial records from the time of the Serçe
Liman shipwreck; Barbara M. Kreutz, "Ships,
Shipping, and the Implications of Change in the
Early Mediterranean," Viator 7(1976):79-109, a
study of possible social and economic causes for the
shift to lateen sails and skeletal-built hulls in the
Mediterranean.

43



Archaeology Magazine - January/February 1979

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Archaeology Magazine - January/February 1979

Contents
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Archaeology Magazine - January/February 1979 - Contents
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