ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 30

HVAC Selection
By Ian Shapiro, P.E., Member ASHRAE; and Umit Sirt, P.E., Member ASHRAE

For Envelope-Dominated Buildings

E

nvelope-dominated buildings are those that do not have core zones. As such, envelope-dominated buildings are weather-sensitive, and

try? If so, are there solid second or third choices that provide excellent energy efﬁciency without the higher installation costs, if geothermal cannot be afforded?

Building Characteristics
Envelope-dominated buildings require less cooling than buildings with a core. Beyond not having a core, many envelope-dominated building types have lower internal gains (occupancy, lights and plug loads such as computers), further reducing the need for cooling: for example, hotels, apartments, singlefamily homes, houses of worship, and warehouses. Not only are internal gain power densities lower, but daytime use, at times of peak solar gain, is lower, and duration of use is lower all-round. (This is not true for all of these buildings, for example ofﬁces, retail stores, About the Authors
Ian Shapiro, P.E., is president, and Umit Sirt, P.E., is senior energy engineer at Taitem Engineering in Ithaca, N.Y.

heating plays a critical role, even in most cooling climates, for typical internal and solar gains and ventilation loads.

While we often think of many buildings as having a perimeter and a core, most buildings are envelope-dominated such as most hotels, apartment buildings and single-family homes, small ofﬁces and medical clinics, and houses of worship. Also included are retail storefronts such as strip malls, bank branches, single-story department stores and supermarkets, warehouses, and the list goes on. As daylighting and views become emphasized in high-performance buildings, the trend toward envelope-dominated buildings may only increase. Regardless of the building type, HVAC system selection never seems
30 ASHRAE Journal

easy. Although we are fortunate to have a huge choice of many available HVAC system types, the selection can quickly become dizzying, as each system has many pros and cons, from energy use, to installation costs, and to non-cost tradeoffs such as comfort, noise, energy metering, and aesthetics. Can these many choices be simpliﬁed, to give ourselves a head start when we start to design envelope-dominated buildings? Which systems have an edge over the others for carbon emissions? Is there a best initial choice to bring to the table for energy efﬁciency, speciﬁcally are geothermal systems the current Cadillac of the indusashrae.org

October 2011

ASHRAE Journal - October 2011

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of ASHRAE Journal - October 2011

ASHRAE Journal - October 2011
Contents
Commentary
Industry News
Letters
Meetings and Shows
Feature Articles
High-Performance VAV Systems
HVAC Selection for Envelope- Dominated Buildings
Saving Energy by Insulating Pipe Components On Steam & Hot Water Distribution Systems
Technology Award Case Studies
Aquifer for Cooling
Dual-Fan System
Special Sections
ASHRAE Research Report
ASHRAE Honor Roll
Standing Columns
Building Sciences
Emerging Technologies
IAQ Applications
Washington Report
Special Products
People
Products
Classified Advertising
Advertisers Index
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - ASHRAE Journal - October 2011
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - Cover2
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 1
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 2
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - Contents
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - Commentary
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 5
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - Industry News
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 7
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 8
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 9
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - Letters
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 11
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 12
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 13
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 14
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 15
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - Meetings and Shows
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 17
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - High-Performance VAV Systems
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 19
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 20
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 21
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 22
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 23
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 24
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 25
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 26
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 27
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 28
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 29
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - HVAC Selection for Envelope- Dominated Buildings
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 31
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 32
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 33
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 34
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 35
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 36
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 37
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 38
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 39
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 40
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 41
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - Saving Energy by Insulating Pipe Components On Steam & Hot Water Distribution Systems
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 43
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 44
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 45
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 46
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 47
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 48
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 49
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - Aquifer for Cooling
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 51
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 52
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 53
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - Dual-Fan System
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 55
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 56
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 57
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 58
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 59
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - ASHRAE Research Report
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 61
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 62
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 63
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 64
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 65
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 66
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 67
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 68
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 69
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 70
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 71
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 72
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - ASHRAE Honor Roll
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - HR2
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - HR3
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - HR4
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - HR5
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - HR6
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - HR7
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - HR8
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - HR9
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - HR10
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - HR11
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - HR12
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - HR13
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - HR14
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - HR15
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - HR16
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - HR17
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - HR18
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - HR19
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - HR20
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - HR21
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - HR22
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - HR23
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - HR24
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - HR25
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - HR26
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - HR27
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - HR28
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - HR29
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - HR30
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - HR31
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - HR32
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 73
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - Building Sciences
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 75
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 76
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 77
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 78
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 79
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 80
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 81
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 82
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 83
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - Emerging Technologies
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 85
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 86
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 87
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 88
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 89
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - IAQ Applications
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 91
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 92
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 93
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - Washington Report
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - Special Products
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - People
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 97
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - Products
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 99
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 100
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 101
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - Classified Advertising
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - 103
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - Advertisers Index
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - Cover3
ASHRAE Journal - October 2011 - Cover4
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