ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 32

TECHNICAL FEATURE

300

1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0

250
200
150
100
50

12a 1a 2a 3a 4a 5a 6a 7a 8a 9a 10a 11a12p 1p 2p 3p 4p 5p 6p 7p 8p 9p 10p11p

would overestimate the consumption. Figure 5 shows the
energy consumption (kWh) multiplier developed so a
typical hourly consumption from the released 0.71 MW
at the substation could be obtained, as follows:
For hour i = 1 to 24:
Energy Consumption Multiplieri
=

TLS Hourly Demand (kWi )
TLS Maximum Demand ( kW )

Annual Energy Consumption Released
24

= ∑Preleased × Energy Consumption Multiplieri ×
i =1

365 = 5,161 MWh

Figure 6 shows the substation typical hourly electricity consumption available from the released 0.71 MW,
resulting in a total of 5,161 MWh annually.
With the blended rate of $0.07/kWh the college is paying for its electricity consumption, the system-released
consumption as a result of the power factor correction
would be worth $361,286, which represents the avoided
cost of electricity savings (electricity that otherwise
would have to be either purchased or generated on site).
With the $3.14/kW demand monthly charge, the annual
savings will be reduced by $26,753 (12 × $2,229), resulting in a net annual savings of $334,533. With an average
of $500,000 monthly electricity bill, the $2,229 monthly
demand charge is minimal.
Typical PFC equipment manufacturers show installed
cost of various types of correction from fixed capacitors at
$15/kVAR to active harmonic filters ranging at $150/kVAR.
Active harmonic filter types of PFC are mainly
32

FIGURE 6 Typical load shape of the potential system released electric consumption
from the substation over a year period.

kWh (in Thousands)

kWh Multiplier

FIGURE 5 Typical load shape of the Fiscal Year 2016 electricity demand at the
substation subject to this study.

ASHRAE JOURNAL

ashrae.org

O C T O B E R 2 0 19

0

12a 1a 2a 3a 4a 5a 6a 7a 8a 9a 10a 11a12p 1p 2p 3p 4p 5p 6p 7p 8p 9p 10p11p

designed for the service entrance of the facility where
the overall harmonics from the facility and the potential
harmonics from the utility power lines may be present.
Capacitors offer a low-impedance path to harmonic
frequencies and, therefore, can attract harmonics, often
resulting in reduced life, fuse blowing, or capacitors failure.1 Active harmonic filters were chosen for the study,
instead of capacitors, to address the fact that non-linear
loads (for instance, switched-mode power supply equipment, fluorescent lighting, variable frequency drives,
among others) are a substantial part of the campus
electric load. With an installed cost of $150/kVAR (which
happens to be the most expensive option) for an active
harmonic filter type of PFC system, the PFC would cost
$433,119. With supervision, inspection and overhead
(SIOH) cost and design cost (5.7% and 4% respectively),3
the cost grows to $475,132, resulting in a simple payback
period of 1.42 years (17 months). Any other type of PFC,
if warranted for a given and specific case at hand, would
result in a much shorter payback period.
The calculated PFC size is 2,887 kVAR. It is rarely possible
to find the exact calculated PFC size. It is left for the design
team to decide whether to select the immediately larger or
the immediately smaller size, depending on the existing
circuit configuration and the desired power factor. The PFC
equipment selection for this study resulted in a bank of two
1,500 kVAR active harmonics filters (3,000 kVAR total),
typically mounted in a steel enclosure and usually located
within a fenced-in substation or a switchgear room.

Conclusions
Power factor correction (active harmonic filters in this
case study) were proposed to enhance and improve the
energy performance for a college facility in New York,


https://www.ashrae.org

ASHRAE Journal - October 2019

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of ASHRAE Journal - October 2019

Contents
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - Intro
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - Cover1
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - Cover2
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 1
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - Contents
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 3
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 4
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 5
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 6
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 7
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 8
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 9
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 10
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 11
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 12
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 13
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 14
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 15
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 16
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 17
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 18
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 19
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 20
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 21
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 22
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 23
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 24
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 25
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 26
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 27
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 28
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 29
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 30
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 31
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 32
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 33
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 34
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 35
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 36
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 37
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 38
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 39
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 40
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 41
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 42
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 43
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 44
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 45
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 46
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 47
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 48
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 49
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 50
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 51
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 52
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 53
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 54
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 55
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 56
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 57
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 58
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 59
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 60
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 61
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 62
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 63
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 64
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 65
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 66
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 67
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 68
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 69
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 70
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 71
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 72
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 73
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 74
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 75
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 76
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 77
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 78
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 79
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 80
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR1
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR2
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR3
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR4
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR5
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR6
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR7
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR8
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR9
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR10
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR11
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR12
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR13
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR14
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR15
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR16
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR17
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR18
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR19
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR20
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR21
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR22
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR23
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR24
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR25
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR26
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR27
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR28
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR29
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR30
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR31
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR32
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 81
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 82
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 83
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 84
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 85
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 86
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 87
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 88
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 89
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 90
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 91
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 92
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 93
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 94
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 95
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 96
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - Cover3
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - Cover4
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_MCDEBX
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_WNYSQY
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_XATVOD
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_FJSHSS
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_CCBZDS
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_XDEFVG
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_amca_2023november_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_amca_2023november
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_VHGNBL
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_WPKBNJ
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_UUVCDE
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_RTGDEW
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraemexico_2023
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_LKRFXS
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_AZSOFG
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_ERCDBH
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_QWDFRV
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_JHGVDF
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_OPUYHG
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_SREIBM
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_LRTGLK
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_OKRFGH
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_amca_2022november_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_amca_2022november
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_TZSERA
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_LVRUIX
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_RPTVYZ
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/mini_pub_catalog
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_XIYTGD
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraemexico_2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_RFGDOB
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_PABXNU
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_REMKLS
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_PICVBT
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_AOYTVW
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_JQOPLS
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_IOYTBC
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_SGAJJF
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_IGHYER
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_PDRKLS
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_amca_2021november
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_amca_2021november_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_XCODFR
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_QSLFGO
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_ILKVNM
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraemexico_2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_OPDJKD
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_VJKSRY
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_SDHUTC
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_JPPKRR
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_SDLTTH
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_CKLLES
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_SLDOX
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_HJETUK
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_OLUHGE
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_amca_2020october
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_amca_2020october_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_ZERDGH
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_QVMNEO
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_RTPOKE
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_BBATRE
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_STUBMW
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_TPEMPE
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_JNMKDS
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_FBTTPA
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_WQMMNE
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_TVBRYN
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_showguide2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_KTUZMA
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_ABEDGD
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_201910
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_201909
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_amca_2019septmeber_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_amca_2019september
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_201908
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_201907
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_201906
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_201905
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_201904
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/meetingplanner_2019april
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_201903
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/meetingplanner_2019march
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_201902
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_201901
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_showguide2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/meetingplanner_2018december
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/meetingplanner_2018november
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_amca_2018fall_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_amca_2018fall
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/meetingplanner_2018october
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraemexico_2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/meetingplanner_201810
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraeinsights_201806
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/meetingplanner_201805
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/meetingplanner_201804
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/meetingplanner_201803
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/meetingplanner_201712
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/meetingplanner_201711
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/meetingplanner_201710
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_amca_2017fall_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_amca_2017fall
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/meetingplanner_201709
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/meetingplanner_201705
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashrae_meetinginsert_201610
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_amca_2016fall_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_amca_2016fall
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_acrexindia
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_amca_2015summer_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_amca_2015summer
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/amca/2014summer2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/amca/2014summer
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_acma_2014summer
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/meetingplanner_201311
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/meetingplanner_201309
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_acmasupp_2013fall
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/meetingplanner_201305
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/meetingplanner_201303
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/pubcatalog_2013winter
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/meetingplanner_201211
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/achr_expo_mexico2012
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/meetingplanner_201209
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_201208_v3
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_201208_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/pubcatalog_2012summer
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/meetingplanner_201205
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/meetingplanner_201203
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/pubcatalog_2012winter
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_201111_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_201109_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/pubcatalog_2011summer
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/meetingplanner_201105
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/meetingplanner_201103
https://www.nxtbookmedia.com