ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 44

ASHRAE - CELEBRATING 125 YEARS

storage system. EPRI conducted studies and produced
case studies documenting the energy savings and first
cost savings of cold air distribution (CAD) systems. EPRI
and Florida Power & Light (FP&L) funded one CAD/ice
demonstration project at Brevard Schools.
EPRI was involved extensively in developing, evaluating,
and promoting these different cool thermal energy storage
technologies. It pursued a portfolio management approach,
recognizing that there was not a one size fits all solution.
One philosophical change was the use of partial storage to
reduce first cost and limit the plant from bringing spare
chillers on-line in future years. EPRI worked closely with
ASHRAE TC 6.9 to disseminate information and fine-tune
its research agenda (Photo 2). TC 6.9 had quickly grown to
one of the largest technical committees due to its diverse
membership of manufacturers, utility personnel, consulting engineers, academics, and facility managers seeking
detailed performance data and design guidance. The TC
was very active in research, handbook, and programs,
sponsoring many forums, seminars, and papers.
EPRI recognized that it needed to centralize technical
assistance to respond to its members' requests for training and support. In 1991, EPRI established the Thermal
Storage Applications Research Center (TSARC) at the
University of Wisconsin-Madison. The UW was selected
due to its Engineering Professional Development program
and its HVAC workshops on TES, HVAC controls, and
cogeneration. Professor Charles E. Dorgan, Ph.D., P.E. was
the director and quickly added staff to fulfill the training,
communication, and technical assistance needs. TSARC
conducted workshops throughout the United States for
consulting engineers, sharing design experience and
practical insight. TSARC established an advisory committee to guide its research programs and focus on technical
resources. The committee included major utilities, manufacturers, researchers, and regulatory personnel.
The establishment of TSARC marks the height of utility
industry promotion of cool TES. Utilities were offering
incentives of up to $500 per kW avoided, sponsoring
training workshops, and installing TES systems in their
offices and operations facilities. That lit a fuse and TES
systems were exploding throughout the United States.
EPRI and TSARC also continued research into ice slurry
TES and PCM TES.

Cool TES Technology "Family Tree"

Cool TES technologies can be divided into two main

44

ASHRAE JOURNAL

ashrae.org

O C T O B E R 2 0 19

PHOTO 2 TC 6.9 Programs Chuck Dorgan seminar. (courtesy U of Wisconsin-Madison)

branches: those storing energy as a change in phase
(latent heat systems) and those storing energy as a
change in temperature (sensible heat systems).
Most latent heat TES systems employ water-ice as the
phase change medium, though a minority of others have
used other phase change materials (PCMs). Primary
benefits are high energy density (low volume per stored
ton-hour) and modularity, while drawbacks include
complexity, the need for heat transfer to charge and discharge TES, high energy consumption due to low temp
chiller operation, and little economy-of-scale. Ice TES
has taken the form of a variety of configurations, each
discussed below.

Latent Heat TES
Ice Harvester TES

Many manufacturers, including Paul Mueller, Turbo
Refrigerating, Henry Vogt, and others offered ice harvesting systems that produced sheet ice, tube ice, or
ice cubes on vertical heat transfer surfaces. A periodic
defrost cycle was used to shuck the ice into storage tanks
below, where water was later circulated through the
piles of ice to meet cooling loads. Due to the high unit
cost ($/ton) of the ice harvesters, they were generally
configured as weekly-cycles in which ice was produced
all weekend and each weeknight, and melted each weekday; thus, the ice makers were smaller and less expensive, while the ice tanks became several times larger. The
complexity of these "dynamic" ice systems led to O&M
issues, with simpler "static" ice options coming to dominate the Ice TES market.

Ice-on-CoilÑInternal Melt

This approach generally takes one of two forms. In


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ASHRAE Journal - October 2019

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of ASHRAE Journal - October 2019

Contents
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - Intro
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - Cover1
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - Cover2
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 1
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - Contents
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 3
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 4
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 5
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 6
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 7
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 8
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ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 21
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ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR1
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR2
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR3
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR4
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR5
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR6
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR7
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR8
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR9
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR10
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR11
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR12
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR13
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR14
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR15
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR16
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR17
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR18
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR19
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR20
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR21
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR22
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR23
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR24
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR25
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR26
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR27
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR28
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR29
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR30
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR31
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR32
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ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - Cover3
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - Cover4
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