ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 64

COLUMN ENGINEER'S NOTEBOOK

process using that hot water, as shown in Figure 1. The
ideal version of this process would represent the maximum practicable amount of heat for hot water that
could be created for a given energy use. "Exergy" is a
method for evaluating energy process efficiency not as
the simple ratio of output energy to input energy, but as
the ratio of the actual output to the maximum output
that can be achieved with any given input.1
An important characteristic of energy conversions that
involves changing a highly ordered form of energy, electricity or chemical or kinetic energy (often called work)
into heat is the necessarily low efficiency of the conversion. Heat engines, devices to create ordered energy
from heat flow, are limited by what is called the Carnot
efficiency, the efficiency of an ideal engine operating on
heat flow between a source at some temperature and a
sink at a lower temperature, and by the inevitable irreversibilities that accompany such a conversion process.
One of the major deficiencies of our energy infrastructure is our inability to capture and utilize the waste heat
given off by these heat-to-work conversion processes.

FIGURE 1 Heat pump domestic water heater drawing heat from building

wastewater stream.
Waste

Vent
Waste
Holding Tank

Primary Hot
Water Tank
Hot Water

Effluent

Cold Water
Waste Pump Evaporator

Compressor

Condenser

Figure 2 shows the energy sources and energy consumption sectors of energy usage in the United States in 2018.
The diagram shows that conversion of various forms of
heat generating energy (burning fuels in heat engines,
in boilers or using heat from nuclear reactors) into electricity or kinetic energy results in rejection of over 65%
of input energy, primary in the form of low-grade waste
heat. Virtually all of the end uses met by natural gas in

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64

ASHRAE JOURNAL

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O C T O B E R 2 0 19



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ASHRAE Journal - October 2019

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of ASHRAE Journal - October 2019

Contents
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - Intro
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - Cover1
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - Cover2
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 1
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - Contents
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 3
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 4
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 5
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 6
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 7
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 8
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ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 13
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 14
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ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 18
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 19
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 20
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 21
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ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 27
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 28
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 29
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 30
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ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 33
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 34
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ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 37
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 38
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ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 50
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ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 60
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ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 64
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 65
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ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 67
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ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 79
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 80
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR1
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR2
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR3
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR4
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR5
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR6
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR7
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR8
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR9
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR10
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR11
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR12
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR13
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR14
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR15
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR16
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR17
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR18
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR19
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR20
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR21
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR22
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR23
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR24
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR25
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR26
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR27
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR28
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR29
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR30
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR31
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR32
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ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 96
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - Cover3
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - Cover4
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