ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - 2

CONTENTS

April 2021

FEATURES

STANDING COLUMNS

Virus Transmission Modes and
Mitigation Strategies, Part 2:
Airborne Transmission and
Distribution
By Jonathan Burkett, P.E.

10

Airborne Transmission & Distribution

Increasing Efficiency By Using
Four-Pipe Water Source
Heat Pumps
By Nabil Nassif, Ph.D., P.E.

24
38

Mobile Modular

Technology Award
Medical Office Building
Thrives With Advanced Control
Sequences
By Reece Kiriu, P.E.;
Jeff Stein, P.E.

62

High-Performance Controls

DEPARTMENTS
4 Commentary

2

6 Industry News

69 Special Products

69 Products

71 Classified Advertisers

72 Advertisers Index

APRI L 2021

ashrae.org

Interviews by Mary Kate McGowan

32 Engineer's Notebook
How U.N. Sustainable
Development Goals Apply to
HVAC Engineers
By Erin McConahey, P.E.

Using Four-Pipe WSHPs

Using a Mobile Modular Energy
Unit With PV Panels for Heating
By Raimonds Bogdanovics;
Anatolijs Borodinecs; Jurgis
Zemitis; Aleksandrs Zajacs

18 Solving Problems
Exploring Challenges in
Existing Building Automation
Systems

ASHRAE JOURNAL

8 Meetings and Shows
70 InfoCenter

48 Building Sciences
A Good Insulation Always
Knows Its Limitations
By Joseph W. Lstiburek, Ph.D., P.Eng.

56 IEQ Applications
Reviewing How Bedroom
Ventilation Affects IAQ And
Sleep Quality
By Mizuho Akimoto;
Chandra Sekhar, Ph.D.; Mariya
P. Bivolarova, Ph.D.; Chenxi Liao;
Xiaojun Fan; Jelle Laverge, Ph.D.
Li Lan, Ph.D.; Pawel Wargocki, Ph.D.

68 Refrigeration Applications
The Art of Not Constructing
By Andy Pearson, Ph.D., C.Eng.
Submissions: ashraejournal.submittable.com/submit
Archive: technologyportal.ashrae.org
Letters: sfoster@ashrae.org
Missing Issue: cservice@ashrae.org
ASHRAE® Journal (ISSN 0001-2491) PUBLISHED MONTHLY | Copyright 2021
by ASHRAE, 180 Technology Parkway, Peachtree Corners,
GA 30092. Periodicals postage paid at Atlanta, Georgia, and
additional mailing offices. SUBSCRIPTIONS | $11 per single copy
(plus applicable shipping). Subscriptions for members $8 per
year, included with annual dues, not deductible. Nonmember
$90 (includes postage in USA); $90 (includes postage for
Canadian); $158 international (includes air mail). Expiration dates
vary for both member and nonmember subscriptions. Payment
(U.S. funds) required with all orders. CHANGE OF ADDRESS | Requests
must be received at subscription office eight weeks before
effective date. Send both old and new addresses for the change.
ASHRAE members may submit address changes at www.ashrae.
org/address. POSTMASTER | Send form 3579 to: ASHRAE Journal,
180 Technology Parkway, Peachtree Corners, GA 30092.
PUBLICATION DISCLAIMER | ASHRAE has compiled this publication
with care, but ASHRAE has not investigated and ASHRAE
expressly disclaims any duty to investigate any product,
service, process, procedure, design or the like which may
be described herein. The appearance of any technical data,
editorial material or advertisement in this publication does not
constitute endorsement, warranty or guarantee by ASHRAE
of any product, service, process, procedure, design or the like.
ASHRAE does not warrant that the information in this publication
is free of errors and ASHRAE does not necessarily agree with
any statement or opinion in this publication. The entire risk of the
use of any information in this publication and its supplement is
assumed by the user.

VO LU M E 63, N O. 4


http://ashraejournal.submittable.com/submit http://technologyportal.ashrae.org http://www.ashrae.org/address http://www.ashrae.org/address http://www.ashrae.org

ASHRAE Journal - April 2021

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of ASHRAE Journal - April 2021

Contents
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - Intro
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - Cover1
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - Cover2
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - 1
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - Contents
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - 3
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - 4
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - 5
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - 6
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - 7
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - 8
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - 9
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - 10
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - 11
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - 12
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - 13
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - 14
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - 15
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - 16
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - 17
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - 18
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - 19
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - 20
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - 21
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - 22
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - 23
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - 24
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - 25
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - 26
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - 27
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - 28
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - 29
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - 30
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - 31
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - 32
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - 33
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - 34
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - 35
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - 36
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - 37
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - 38
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - 39
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - 40
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - 41
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - 42
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - 43
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - 44
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - 45
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - 46
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - 47
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - 48
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - 49
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - 50
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - 51
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - 52
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - 53
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - 54
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - 55
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - 56
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - 57
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - 58
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - 59
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - 60
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - 61
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - 62
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - 63
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - 64
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - 65
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - 66
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - 67
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - 68
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - 69
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - 70
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - 71
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - 72
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - Cover3
ASHRAE Journal - April 2021 - Cover4
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_MCDEBX
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_WNYSQY
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_XATVOD
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_FJSHSS
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_CCBZDS
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_XDEFVG
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_amca_2023november_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_amca_2023november
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_VHGNBL
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_WPKBNJ
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_UUVCDE
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_RTGDEW
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraemexico_2023
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_LKRFXS
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_AZSOFG
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_ERCDBH
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_QWDFRV
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_JHGVDF
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_OPUYHG
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_SREIBM
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_LRTGLK
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_OKRFGH
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_amca_2022november_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_amca_2022november
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_TZSERA
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_LVRUIX
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_RPTVYZ
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/mini_pub_catalog
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_XIYTGD
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraemexico_2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_RFGDOB
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_PABXNU
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_REMKLS
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_PICVBT
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_AOYTVW
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_JQOPLS
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_IOYTBC
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_SGAJJF
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_IGHYER
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_PDRKLS
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_amca_2021november
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_amca_2021november_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_XCODFR
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_QSLFGO
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_ILKVNM
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraemexico_2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_OPDJKD
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_VJKSRY
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_SDHUTC
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_JPPKRR
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_SDLTTH
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_CKLLES
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_SLDOX
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_HJETUK
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_OLUHGE
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_amca_2020october
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_amca_2020october_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_ZERDGH
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_QVMNEO
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_RTPOKE
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_BBATRE
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_STUBMW
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_TPEMPE
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_JNMKDS
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_FBTTPA
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_WQMMNE
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_TVBRYN
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_showguide2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_KTUZMA
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_ABEDGD
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_201910
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_201909
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_amca_2019septmeber_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_amca_2019september
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_201908
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_201907
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_201906
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_201905
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_201904
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/meetingplanner_2019april
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_201903
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/meetingplanner_2019march
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_201902
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_201901
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_showguide2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/meetingplanner_2018december
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/meetingplanner_2018november
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_amca_2018fall_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_amca_2018fall
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/meetingplanner_2018october
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraemexico_2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/meetingplanner_201810
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraeinsights_201806
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/meetingplanner_201805
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/meetingplanner_201804
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/meetingplanner_201803
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/meetingplanner_201712
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/meetingplanner_201711
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/meetingplanner_201710
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_amca_2017fall_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_amca_2017fall
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/meetingplanner_201709
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/meetingplanner_201705
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashrae_meetinginsert_201610
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_amca_2016fall_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_amca_2016fall
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_acrexindia
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_amca_2015summer_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_amca_2015summer
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/amca/2014summer2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/amca/2014summer
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_acma_2014summer
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/meetingplanner_201311
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/meetingplanner_201309
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_acmasupp_2013fall
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/meetingplanner_201305
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/meetingplanner_201303
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/pubcatalog_2013winter
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/meetingplanner_201211
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/achr_expo_mexico2012
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/meetingplanner_201209
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_201208_v3
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_201208_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/pubcatalog_2012summer
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/meetingplanner_201205
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/meetingplanner_201203
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/pubcatalog_2012winter
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_201111_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_201109_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/pubcatalog_2011summer
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/meetingplanner_201105
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/meetingplanner_201103
https://www.nxtbookmedia.com