ASHRAE Journal - June 2022 - 20

TECHNICAL FEATURE
particular cognition and decision-making, the indoor
CO2 level of 1,000 ppm reappears as a sensible, timehonored
upper limit; action should be taken if it is
exceeded, and systems should be designed to avoid it.
The Canadian government, for example, recently
adopted 1,000 ppm as the recommended maximum
continuous exposure limit for CO2 for residential
indoor air quality.36 The lower level of 600 ppm, as
specified in the RESET standard, appears as a possible
guideline below which air can be considered satisfactory
to most people. Unfortunately, if an indoor air
quality absolute limit is set for the concentration of
CO2, a corollary thereto debuts as a most inconvenient
realization: it can no longer be assumed that outdoor
air will be " fresh. "
The Future for Ventilation
The implication for the HVAC community is enormous.
With rising ambient CO2 levels and additional
consideration for urban centers submerged in CO2
domes, buildings with ventilation systems designed to
achieve 700 ppm CO2 concentrations above the outdoor
air may no longer have the indoor air quality originally
intended. In future years, the issue will become more
aggravated. Specifying a 1,000 ppm absolute limit for
CO2 can hold off creep in indoor air quality loss, but at
the cost of ever greater ventilation rates. Should outdoor
CO2 levels actually approach 1,000 ppm, ventilation
systems for maintaining indoor air will be overwhelmed.
Other technologies to reduce CO2 will have to
be made.
Possibly buildings of the future will be set upon limestone
beds that absorb CO2 out of the building air as it is
circulated through them. Gas furnace heating systems
may exhaust into tanks filled with lithium hydroxide
that can be emptied from time to time, much like a septic
tank. Maybe CO2-sequestering indoor microforests
will become fashionable. Maybe ventilation filter media
can be laced with CO2-absorbing fungi37 to freshen the
air. Another option is to let building occupants grapple
with CO2 levels above what is truly satisfactory for
sound comfort and wellness, much as space crews must.
Building occupants might get a bottle filled with fresh
air38 should they desire a moment of relief.
HVAC practitioners will likely find their work scopes
expanding to include managing outdoor air to an even
greater extent. It may include helping lower ambient
20
ASHRAE JOURNAL ashrae.org J U N E 2022
outdoor CO2 levels, dispersing CO2 domes or creating
" fresh air domes " in urban centers. The prospects sound
more appropriate for a science fiction novel. Suffice it to
say that HVAC practice is entering a brave new world.
Realistically, this author knows of no technologies
that can be practically applied to buildings, especially
residential buildings, to reduce indoor CO2 levels when
outdoor CO2 levels approach the level desired inside.
Rather than contending with high outdoor CO2 levels,
it might be better to actively work to help mitigate the
anthropogenic activities that are causing the rise in outdoor
CO2 levels with the hope that the unfortunate situation
does not come to pass.
Much presented here merely repeats the conclusions of
the prior work upon which this article draws. The studies
referenced herein cite numerous other studies; together
these studies form an aggregate that the reader is encouraged
to peruse. The purpose here is to highlight this body
of work, to bring attention to the climate models that
predict when the subject CO2 levels will be reached and,
with that, hopefully to help establish a sense of urgency
regarding rising atmospheric CO2 levels.
References
1. ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62-1989, Ventilation of Acceptable Indoor
Air Quality.
2. Persily, A. 2020. " Quit blaming ASHRAE standard 62.1 for 1000
ppm CO2. " 16th Conference of the International Society of Indoor Air Quality
and ClimateOnline. Paper ID ABS-0445.
3. Elmassry, M.M., B. Piechulla. 2020. " Volatilomes of bacterial
infections in humans. " Frontiers in Neuroscience 14(257). https://doi.
org/10.3389/fnins.2020.00257
4. EPA. 2019. " Outdoor Air Quality. " United States Enviornmental
Protetion Agency. https://tinyurl.com/yc62w7pp
5. Pettenkofer, M. 1858. Über den Luftwechsel in Wohngebäuden.
Munich: J.G. Cotta'schen Buchhandlung.
6. Miller, S. 2020. " This is the Safest Indoor Space To Prevent
the Spread of COVID-19 According to a Mechanical Engineer. " Fast
Company. https://tinyurl.com/2p8wswdj
7. Chun-Ru, D., et. al. 2019. " Effect of ventilation improvement
during a tuberculosis outbreak in under ventilated university
buildings. " Indoor Air 30(3):422-432.
8. NASA. 2021. " Global Climate Change Carbon Dioxide. " NASA.
https://tinyurl.com/ntvyuzha
9. Meehl, G.A., T.F. Stocker, et al., 2007. " Global climate
projections. " AR4 Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis
4:758-856.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2020.00257 https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2020.00257 https://www.tinyurl.com/yc62w7pp https://www.tinyurl.com/2p8wswdj https://www.tinyurl.com/ntvyuzha http://ashrae.org http://www.ashrae.org

ASHRAE Journal - June 2022

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of ASHRAE Journal - June 2022

Contents
ASHRAE Journal - June 2022 - Intro
ASHRAE Journal - June 2022 - Cover1
ASHRAE Journal - June 2022 - Cover2
ASHRAE Journal - June 2022 - 1
ASHRAE Journal - June 2022 - Contents
ASHRAE Journal - June 2022 - 3
ASHRAE Journal - June 2022 - 4
ASHRAE Journal - June 2022 - 5
ASHRAE Journal - June 2022 - 6
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ASHRAE Journal - June 2022 - Cover3
ASHRAE Journal - June 2022 - Cover4
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