ASHRAE Journal - September 2020 - 28

TECHNICAL FEATURE

as portable HEPA ﬁltration and UV light; and
¥ SARS-CoV-2 exposure associated with sewage and
sewer gas.

Acknowledgments

Thanks to William Bahnﬂeth, Ph.D., P.E., chair,
ASHRAE Epidemic Task Force; Shelly Miller, Ph.D.,
P.E., University of Colorado; Lew Harriman, P.E.,
retired; Lidia Morawska, Ph.D., Queensland Institute
of Technology; Steve Taylor, P.E., Taylor Engineering;
and to Larry Schoen, P.E., Schoen Engineering; and
Bernard Fontaine, CIH, The Windsor Consulting
Group, for providing additional information and
suggestions.

References

1. ASHRAE. 2020. "ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne
Infectious Diseases." https://tinyurl.com/rmm5mft.
2. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine.
2020. "Rapid Expert Consultation on Social Distancing for the
COVID-19 Pandemic." The National Academies Press. https://doi.
org/10.17226/25753.
3. Marawski, L., J. Cao. 2020. "Airborne transmission of SARSCoV-2: The world should face the reality." Environment International
139(June):105730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.105730.
4. ASHRAE.2020. "Coronavirus (COVID-19) Response Resources
from ASHRAE and Others." www.ashrae.org/COVID19.
5. Li, Y., H. Qian, J. Hang, et al. 2020. "Evidence for probable
aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in a poorly ventilated
restaurant." Preprint. medRxiv. https://tinyurl.com/y4he3e9j.
6. Shen, Y., H. Dong, X. Chen. 2020. "Airborne transmission
of COVID-19: epidemiologic evidence from two outbreak
investigations." Preprint. ResearchGate. https://tinyurl.com/
y88nunaq.
7. Xu, P., H. Qian, T. Miao, et al. 2020. "Transmission routes of
COVID-19 virus in the Diamond Princess Cruise Ship." Preprint.
microBEnet. https://tinyurl.com/yy6hk55q.
8. Park, S., K. Young-Man., S. Yi, et al. 2020. "Coronavirus
disease outbreak in a Korean call center." Emerging Infectious Diseases
Journal 26(8).
9. Horve, P., L. Dietz, M. Fretz, et al. 2020. "Identiﬁcation of
SARS-CoV-2 RNA in Healthcare Heating, Air Conditioning Units."
Preprint. medRxiv. https://tinyurl.com/ybj3g4ya.
10. Li, Y., Z. Ning, Y. Chen, et al. 2020. "Aerodynamic analysis of
SARS-CoV-2 in two Wuhan hospitals." Nature 52:557 - 560. https://
doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2271-3.
11. Santarpia, J., D. Rivera, et al. 2020. "Aerosol and Surface
Transmission Potential of SARS-CoV-2." Preprint. MedRxiv.
https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.23.20039446.
12. Ong, S., Y. Tan, P. Chia, et al. 2020. "Air, Surface
Environmental, and Personal Protective Equipment Contamination
by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)
from a Symptomatic Patient." JAMA 323(16):1610 - 1612. https://
tinyurl.com/tk9z6dv.
28

ASHRAE JOURNAL

ashrae.org

SEPTEM BER 2020

13. Faridi, S., S. Niazi, K. Sadeghi. 2020. "A ﬁeld indoor air
measurement of SARS-CoV-2 in the patient rooms of the largest
hospital in Iran." Science of The Total Environment 725(July): 138401.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138401.
14. van Doremalen, N., B. Bushmaker. 2020. "Aerosol and surface
stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1" New England
Journal of Medicine 382:1564 - 1567. https://tinyurl.com/vdbkzo9.
15. Fears, A., W. Klimstra, P. Duprex. 2020. "Comparative
dynamic aerosol efﬁciencies of three emergent coronaviruses and
the unusual persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in aerosol suspensions."
Preprint. medRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.13.20063784.
16. Li, Y., X. Huang, T. Yu, et al. 2004. "Role of air distribution in
SARS transmission during the largest nosocomial outbreak in Hong
Kong." Indoor Air 15(2):83 - 95.
17. Li, Y., S. Duan, I. Yu., et al. 2004. "Multi-zone modeling of
probable SARS virus transmission by airﬂow between ﬂats in Block
E, Amoy Gardens." New England Journal of Medicine 15(2):96 - 111.
https://tinyurl.com/y44qlmjg.
18. McKinney, K., Y.Y. Gong, T.G. Lewis. 2006. "Environmental
transmission of SARS at Amoy Gardens." J Environ Health
68(9):26 - 30. https://tinyurl.com/yy9cb726.
19. Hertzberg, V., H. Weiss. 2016. "On the 2-row rule for
infectious disease transmission on aircraft." Annals of Global Health
82(5):8198 - 23. https://tinyurl.com/yxh5wedv.
20. Dai, H., B. Zhao. 2020. "Association of infected probability of
COVID-19 with ventilation rates in conﬁned spaces: A Wells-Riley
equation-based investigation." Preprint. medRxiv. https://tinyurl.
com/y84ofn7f.
21. Yu, I, Y. Li, T. Wong. 2004. "Evidence of airborne transmission
of the severe acute respiratory syndrome virus." New England Journal
of Medicine 350(17):1731 - 9. https://tinyurl.com/yynhdj8v.
22. Luongo, J., K. Fennelly, J. Keen. 2016. "Role of mechanical
ventilation in the airborne transmission of infectious agents in
buildings." Indoor Air 26(5):666 - 78. https://tinyurl.com/y3yqsf25.
23. Buonanno, G., L. Stabile, L. Morawska. 2020. "Estimation of
airborne viral emission: quanta emission rate of SARS-CoV-2 for
infection risk assessment." Environment International 141(August).
https://tinyurl.com/yy4vb5za.
24. Azimi, P., B. Stephens. 2013. "HVAC ﬁltration for controlling
infectious airborne disease transmission in indoor environments:
predicting risk reductions and operational costs." Building and
Environment 70(December):150 - 160. https://tinyurl.com/y6y9g79x.
25. Wells, W., M. Wells, T. Wilder. 1942. "The environmental
control of epidemic contagion. I. an epidemiologic study of radiant
disinfection of air in day schools." American Journal of Epidemiology
35(1):97 Ð 121. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a118789.
26. Kardis, G., R. Thompson 2020. "Climate-Informed HVAC
Increases in Relative Humidity May Fight Pandemic Viruses.
Preprint. SMITHGROUP. https://tinyurl.com/y3e3gkny.
27. Mecenas, P., R. Bastos, A. Vallinoto, et al. 2020. "Effects of
temperature and humidity on the spread of COVID-19: a systematic
review." Preprint. medRxiv. https://tinyurl.com/
yxe4wb7c.
28. Droegemeier. K. 2020. "Rapid expert
consultation on SARS-CoV-2 survival in relation
to temperature and humidity and the seasonality
for the COVID-19 pandemic." National Academy
of Science. https://tnyurl.com/wvrgsz6.

https://bit.ly/3k9ecVE
Rate this Column
ASHRAE Journal - September 2020

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of ASHRAE Journal - September 2020
