Education Week - March 24, 2021 - 5

What's the difference between diagnostic,
screening, and surveillance testing?

Diagnostic testing aims to detect active infections, so staff or students who show symptoms, or
have had close contact with an infected person,
can be isolated and their contacts traced.
Screening aims to catch infections before people
show symptoms, so schools can prevent outbreaks.
Districts typically screen by offering tests to everyone and hoping for good opt-in rates. They can also
randomly test a subset of their students or staff, or
test just some groups, such as student athletes.
Another approach-surveillance testing-aims to
understand how prevalent COVID-19 is in the school
community. Districts do this by testing samples
of staff or students, but they don't send individual
results back. Instead, they use results to inform decisions such as whether schools should offer in-person
instruction or teach in remote-only mode.
Which COVID-19 tests are districts using?

Two types of tests detect active COVID-19 infections: antigen and molecular.
Antigen tests are faster, typically returning
results in 15 to 30 minutes. Nasal or throat swabs
can be processed on the spot, rather than in a lab.
But they're less able to detect low-level infections;
confirmation with a molecular test is often recommended.
Molecular tests return results in 1 to 3 days, since
their nasal, throat, or saliva samples are usually
processed in a lab. They're considered the gold
standard because of their accuracy. The most
widely known type of molecular test is the PCR.
PCRs can be " pooled, " meaning that multiple
samples are combined for analysis, saving time
and money. Pooling is particularly useful in " pod "
or cohort instructional settings. If a pool's results
are negative, all those tested can be presumed to
be negative. If a pool is positive, however, retests-
or reanalysis of individual samples-must be
conducted to isolate positive cases. Pooled tests
run the risk of missing infections, too, since virus
levels can be diluted in the batch.
How a district does testing depends on its needs
and goals. For diagnostic testing, using a highly
accurate test is important, experts say. For screening purposes, the ability to test frequently and get
results quickly can be paramount.
" You're going to miss people [who have the
virus]. That will be the trade-off, whatever methodology you use, " said Gigi Gronvall, an immunologist and senior scholar at the Johns Hopkins
Center for Health Security. " It can't be the only
thing you do to stop [COVID-19] spread, but it's
important that you do it. "
Do schools need to do all three kinds of
testing?

Most public health experts-including the
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-advise districts to prioritize diagnostic testing. But if
districts can manage a screening, or asymptomatic, testing program as well, many public-health
experts encourage it, especially in regions where
COVID-19 levels are moderate or high.
Screening is particularly helpful because such a
large proportion of COVID-19 cases-more than
half, by some estimates-are spread by people
without symptoms. Screening can also build
confidence among staff, students, and families that
school settings are as safe as possible.
How can you tell if COVID-19 screening is
effective?

One way is to measure the proportion of cases
the program detects. The RAND researchers, for

instance, found that across five districts, 44 percent of the COVID-19 cases detected in schools,
on average, were caught in screening programs.
(Additional cases were identified in school-based
diagnostic testing programs.)
Another way is to measure whether they affect
families or staff members' confidence in returning to in-person learning. In the Wellesley, Mass.,
school district, 12 percent of the staff reported
feeling " reassured " about the safety of in-person
instruction before the district began its testing program, but that number rose to 82 percent after the
district started a screening program. Similarly, parent confidence rose from 39 percent to 87 percent.
What does CDC guidance say about testing?

In February guidance, the CDC identified five
priority strategies for minimizing COVID-19
spread in K-12 schools: masking, social distancing,
hand and respiratory hygiene, cleaning of facilities, and contact tracing followed by quarantine.
COVID-19 testing was not on that list.
But the CDC's guidance outlines a valuable role
for testing programs in schools-including the
ability to offer more in-person instruction-when
used in combination with the five other mitigation
strategies.
At a minimum, the CDC said, schools should
refer people with COVID-19 symptoms or exposure for diagnostic testing if they don't conduct it
themselves.
Districts " may also elect, " the guidance says,
to use screening programs " as an additional layer
of mitigation, " particularly in communities hit
hard by the virus. Districts might also consider
prioritizing staff over students, and older students
over younger ones, given the higher risk of serious
illness among adults, the CDC said.
Some advocates of school testing were dismayed
that the CDC did not give testing a higher priority
in its guidance to districts. " They totally punted, "
one critic said.
But Greta Massetti, who leads the CDC team that
creates guidance for schools and other institutions,
said the agency examined studies from the U.S. and
abroad, and interviewed school and public health
officials, and saw a clear pattern emerge: Schools
kept COVID-19 transmission rates low with the five
strategies it prioritized, and " testing was often not
part of that package. "
That led the CDC to conclude, Massetti said,
that while COVID-19 testing offers " tremendous
added benefits " of providing data and allaying
staff and family concerns, it " isn't a requirement
for schools to reopen for instruction safely. "
What do these testing programs look like?

Testing programs vary widely. The screening
program in Medford, Mass., uses nasal-swab
PCR tests, and more than 85 percent of staff and
students participate, said David Murphy, an assistant superintendent who oversees the program.
Schools have gotten it down to a science, funneling
everyone through the swab lines twice a week, during class or at lunch, said Toni Wray, the district's
director of health services. Its partners, Tufts
University and the Broad Institute of MIT and
Harvard University, help the district track tests and
get results in 24 hours.
To continue testing and manage the cost,
Medford switched this winter to pooled PCR
testing. Even with CARES Act funding, and more
federal money soon available, $50,000 a week for
individual testing wasn't sustainable, Murphy said.
Pooled testing costs $5,000 per week.
There are statewide programs, like the one
Massachusetts Gov. Charlie Baker signed into law
in January. Through mid-April, that program is
offering free pooled PCR testing for any district

Districts face a
host of legal and
regulatory issues,
such as obtaining
parent consent
for student
testing, protecting
students'
confidential
medical data, and
obtaining a
waiver that lets
them collect test
samples.

that's doing in-person instruction or plans to
return to in-person learning soon. The state will
match districts with vendors to help them collect
samples and process results.
The biggest district in the country, New York
City, has instituted mandatory weekly testing
on a rotating, random sample of students and
staff in schools that have reopened for in-person
instruction. The tiny McSwain Union district
in California has moved from twice-weekly
to four-times-weekly rapid antigen testing for
staff, and 80 percent participate. Now it's asking
parents to allow their children to be tested, too,
said Superintendent Roy Mendiola.
In Wellesley, Mass., staff members and middle
and high school students collect weekly saliva
samples at home and drop them off at school.
Pooled PCR results come back from a local lab in
24 to 48 hours. A K-8 district in Illinois, LaGrange
102, runs an in-house program, conducting and
processing a saliva test developed by its school
board vice president, a molecular biologist.
Some Utah districts are using tests as an incentive. In this " test to stay " approach, students
in high schools where case counts might force a
switch to remote instruction can keep attending
in-person if enough of them test negative on
rapid antigen tests at school, or get a thumbs-up
from an outside lab. A similar approach, called
" test to play, " is used with sports and extracurricular activities.
What are the biggest challenges of schoolbased COVID-19 testing?

Districts face a host of legal and regulatory
issues, such as obtaining parent consent for student testing, protecting students' confidential
medical data, and obtaining a waiver that lets
them collect test samples.
There are logistical issues, too, such as
navigating multiple partnerships and scheduling and training staff to fill various roles in the
program. Schools also will need a platform that
tracks tests and results. And they must be ready
to respond with the right programs and supports
when they find positive cases or clusters.
Cost could also be an issue in many districts.
Even though federal funds are available to support testing programs, districts have many other
competing priorities during the pandemic, such
as building academic recovery programs and
beefing up personal protective equipment and
education technology.
Districts that aren't able to run their own
testing programs should work closely with local
health departments to refer staff, students and
families for testing, the CDC has said.
" The benefits of school-based testing need to
be weighed against the costs, inconvenience,
and feasibility of such programs to both schools
and families, " the CDC said in December guidance for K-12 schools.
Vaccines are becoming more available. How
long will schools need to do COVID-19
testing?

Experts said they think testing could play an
important role in K-12 COVID mitigation at least
through the fall.
Massetti noted that there is not yet a vaccine
authorized for use in children 16 and younger,
and it could take many months to get large numbers of children inoculated.
Coronavirus variants continue to emerge, and
people might end up needing booster shots. And
even though the current vaccines are highly effective, they don't offer 100 percent protection.
" As good as the vaccines are, it's still possible
to get COVID, " said Aspinall.
EDUCATION WEEK | March 24, 2021 | www.edweek.org | 5


http://www.edweek.org

Education Week - March 24, 2021

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Education Week - March 24, 2021

Education Week - March 24, 2021
Briefly Stated
Should Schools Test Students And Staff for COVID-19?
Testing Students and Staff For COVID-19, Explained
What the Research Says
Lessons From the Pandemic That Can Improve Leading and Teaching
Avoiding Another COVID-19 Wave: How Schools Are Handling Spring Break Travel
COVID-19 Aid Focuses on Students in Poverty
Driving the School Bus, Waiting to Be Vaccinated
Acting FCC Chair: The ‘Homework Gap’ Is an ‘Especially Cruel’ Reality During the Pandemic
Tackling Learning Loss? First, Listen to Your Students
How to Engage Respectfully On Education’s Flash Points
Letters to the Editor
EdWeek Top School Jobs
We Ignore the Pain of Black Children
Education Week - March 24, 2021 - CW1
Education Week - March 24, 2021 - CW2
Education Week - March 24, 2021 - Education Week - March 24, 2021
Education Week - March 24, 2021 - Briefly Stated
Education Week - March 24, 2021 - 3
Education Week - March 24, 2021 - Testing Students and Staff For COVID-19, Explained
Education Week - March 24, 2021 - 5
Education Week - March 24, 2021 - Lessons From the Pandemic That Can Improve Leading and Teaching
Education Week - March 24, 2021 - 7
Education Week - March 24, 2021 - Avoiding Another COVID-19 Wave: How Schools Are Handling Spring Break Travel
Education Week - March 24, 2021 - 9
Education Week - March 24, 2021 - COVID-19 Aid Focuses on Students in Poverty
Education Week - March 24, 2021 - 11
Education Week - March 24, 2021 - Driving the School Bus, Waiting to Be Vaccinated
Education Week - March 24, 2021 - 13
Education Week - March 24, 2021 - Acting FCC Chair: The ‘Homework Gap’ Is an ‘Especially Cruel’ Reality During the Pandemic
Education Week - March 24, 2021 - Tackling Learning Loss? First, Listen to Your Students
Education Week - March 24, 2021 - How to Engage Respectfully On Education’s Flash Points
Education Week - March 24, 2021 - Letters to the Editor
Education Week - March 24, 2021 - EdWeek Top School Jobs
Education Week - March 24, 2021 - 19
Education Week - March 24, 2021 - We Ignore the Pain of Black Children
Education Week - March 24, 2021 - CW3
Education Week - March 24, 2021 - CW4
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03202024
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03132024
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03062024
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02212024
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02142024
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02072024
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01312024
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01242024
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01172024
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_12132023
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11152023
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11012023
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10252023
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10112023
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10042023
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09272023
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09202023
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09132023
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08302023
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08282023
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08142023
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_07122023
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06142023
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06072023
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05312023
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05172023
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05102023
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05032023
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04262023
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04052023
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03292023
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03222023
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03152023
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03082023
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03012023
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02222023
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02152023
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02082023
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02012023
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01252023
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01182023
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_12142022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_12072022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11302022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11232022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11162022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11022022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10262022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10192022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10122022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10052022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09282022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09212022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09142022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04242013_unprotected
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08072013_old
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08172016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09072022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08312022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08242022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08172022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_07132022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06152022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06082022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06012022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05112022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05042022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04272022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04132022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04062022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03302022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03232022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03162022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03092022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03022022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02232022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02162022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02092022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02022022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01192022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01122022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01052022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_12082021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_12012021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11242021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11172021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11032021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10272021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10202021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10112021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10062021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09292021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09222021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09152021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09082021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09012021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08252021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08182021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_07142021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06162021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06092021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06022021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04282021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05122021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05052021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04212021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04142021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03312021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03242021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03172021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03102021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03032021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02242021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02172021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02102021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02032021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01202021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01132021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01062021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_12092020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_12022020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11252020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11182020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11042020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10282020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10212020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10142020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10072020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09302020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09232020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09162020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09092020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09022020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08262020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08192020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_07152020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06172020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06102020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06042020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06032020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05132020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05062020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04292020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04082020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04012020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03252020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03182020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03112020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03042020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02262020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02192020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02122020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02052020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01222020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01152020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01082020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_12112019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_12042019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11272019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11132019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11062019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10302019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10232019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10162019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10092019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10022019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09252019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09182019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09112019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09042019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08282019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08212019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_07172019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06192019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06122019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06032019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05152019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05082019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05012019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04242019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04172019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04102019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04032019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03202019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03132019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03062019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02272019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02202019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02132019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02062019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01232019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01162019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01092019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_12122018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_12052018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11282018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11142018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11072018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10312018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10242018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10172018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10102018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10032018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09262018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09192018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09122018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09052018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08292018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08222018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_07182018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06202018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06132018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06062018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05302018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05232018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05162018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05092018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05022018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04252018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04182018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04112018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04042018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03212018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03072018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_03072018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02282018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02212018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02142018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02072018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01242018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01172018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01102018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_12132017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11292017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11152017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11082017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11012017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10252017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10182017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10112017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10042017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09272017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09202017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09132017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09062017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08302017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08232017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_07192017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06212017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06142017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06072017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05312017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05242017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05172017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05102017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04262017specialreport
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04262017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04192017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04052017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03292017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03222017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03082017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03012017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02222017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02152017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02082017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01252017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01252017specialreport
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01182017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01042017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_12142016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_12142016v2
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11302016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11162016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11092016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11022016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10262016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10192016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10122016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10052016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09282016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09212016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09142016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09072016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08312016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08242016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08032016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08032016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_07202016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01112017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06082016
http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/tc_06092016
http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/dc_06022016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06012016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05182016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_05112016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05112016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04272016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04202016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04132016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03302016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_03302016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03232016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03162016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03092016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02242016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_02242016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02172016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02102016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_01272016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01272016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01202016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_01132016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01132016
http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/qc_01072016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01062016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_12092015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_12022015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_11112015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11112015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11042015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10282015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10212015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_10212015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10142015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10072015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09302015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_09302015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09232015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09162015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09092015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08262015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08192015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08052015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_07082015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06102015
http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/tc_06112015
http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/dc_06042015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06032015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05202015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_05132015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05132015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05062015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04222015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_04152015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04152015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04012015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03252015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_03182015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03182015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03042015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02252015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_02252015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_02182015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02182015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02042015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01282015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01212015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_01212015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01142015
http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/qc_01082015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01072015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_12102014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_12032014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11122014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_11122014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11052014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10292014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10222014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_10222014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10152014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10082014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_10012014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10012014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09242014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09172014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09102014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08272014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08202014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_08202014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08062014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_07092014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06112014_v2
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06112014
http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/dc_06052014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06042014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05212014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05142014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05072014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_04232014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04232014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04162014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04022014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03262014
http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/tc_20140313
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03122014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_03052014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03052014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02262014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_02192014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02192014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01292014_v2
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02052014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01292014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01222014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01152014
http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/qc_01092014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01082014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_12112013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_12042013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11132013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11062013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_10302013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10302013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10232013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10162013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10092013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_10022013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10022013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09252013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09182013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09112013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08282013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_08212013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08212013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08072013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_07102013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06122013
http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/dc_06062013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06052013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_05222013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05222013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05152013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05082013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_04242013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04242013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04172013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04032013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03272013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03132013
http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/tc_20130314
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03062013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02272013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_02202013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02202013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_02062013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02062013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01302013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01232013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01162013
http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/qc_01102013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01092013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_12122012
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_12052012
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_11142012
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11142012
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11072012
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10312012
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_10242012
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10242012
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10172012
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10102012
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10032012
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09262012
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09192012
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09122012
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08292012
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_08222012
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08222012
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_20120829
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_08292012
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_20120822_v2
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_20120822
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_test
http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/diplomascount_2012issue34
https://www.nxtbookmedia.com