Education Week - April 13, 2016 - 15

GOVERNMENT & POLITICS

Fee-Payer Issue Still Alive, Despite Close Call for Unions
4-4 split at Supreme Court
has labor foes undeterred
Teachers' unions claimed a major victory
with the U.S. Supreme Court's 4-4 vote affirming that they may continue to collect service fees from nonunion members. And union
opponents may have come as close as they are
going to get to upsetting the system for the
foreseeable future.
The outcome in Friedrichs v. California
Teachers Association (Case No. 14-915) was
a relief for all public-employee unions, which
faced the prospect of the high court overruling
a 1977 precedent that authorized them to collect such "agency fees" to spread the costs of
collective bargaining to nonmembers.
"Abood is the law of the land, and this week's
decision leaves that unchanged," Alice O'Brien,
the general counsel of the National Education
Association, said in reference to the 1977 case,
Abood v. Detroit Board of Education.
After Justice Antonin Scalia died on Feb. 13,
court watchers had speculated that the Friedrichs case would end in a deadlock. When the
case was argued in January, Scalia had appeared hostile to the unions' arguments, even
though he was once seen as their best hope
for gaining the necessary fifth vote to rule in
favor of agency fees.
The high court issued a short, unsigned
opinion in Friedrichs late last month that said
the judgment of the court below "is affirmed
by an equally divided court."

No National Precedent
That means the Supreme Court was upholding-without setting a national precedent-a 2014 ruling by a panel of the U.S.
Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit, in San
Francisco.
The 9th Circuit court panel had ruled
unanimously that the challenge to the service fees by a group of 10 California teachers
who refused to join the union could not go
forward because of the controlling precedent
of Abood.
Anti-union forces were left to lament how
close they had come in the case to toppling a

Greg Schneider/The Center for Individual Rights/AP

By Mark Walsh

Rebecca Friedrichs, a veteran Orange County, Calif., public school teacher, was the lead
plaintiff in a suit by nonunion teachers opposed to paying service fees to the California
Teachers Association. The U.S. Supreme Court's deadlock was a blow to union opponents.

40-year-old status quo, with some holding out
faint hopes that the justices might grant a
rare rehearing in Friedrichs once a successor
to Scalia is confirmed.
Terence J. Pell, the president of the Center
for Individual Rights, a Washington publicinterest legal group that was behind the challenge, said that the deadlock "was not unexpected given Justice Scalia's death."
He said the group would ask the high court
for a rehearing, "and we expect the court will
hold on to the petition pending the confirmation of a new justice."
Rebecca Friedrichs, a 28-year Southern California teacher who was the outspoken lead
plaintiff in the case, said that teachers "are
very patient people," and the dissidents would
keep pursuing their goal.
"We are in this for the long haul," she said.
Teachers' unions say income from agency-fee

payers represent a relatively small proportion
of their budgets. For example, a 2014 California Teachers Association document states
that the NEA state affiliate had 295,000 active members and 29,000 agency-fee payers.
According to its 2015 federal labor filing, the
NEA had about 94,000 fee payers, alongside
its 3 million members overall.
And in a conference call with reporters after
the Friedrichs deadlock, Randi Weingarten,
the president of the American Federation of
Teachers, said, "in K-12 we have very few fee
payers, less than 3 percent, and we've reduced
that number by a little bit as well." The union
has 1.6 million members nationally.
But the unions have fought to defend the
system, in part because the agency-fee requirement pushes certain employees to join and get
all the benefits of dues-paying membership.
Some court observers believe the issue will

bubble up to the Supreme Court again in a
year or two, and in a different case.
"We're one justice away from what we view
as restoring the First Amendment rights of
employees not to have to contribute to a private organization as a condition of working for
the government," said Patrick Semmens, the
vice president of the National Right to Work
Legal Defense Foundation.
The group is behind some five cases percolating in the lower courts that challenge various union obligations.
In a Kentucky case, Cochran v. Jefferson
County Board of Education, the foundation is
representing nonunion educational support
personnel in the Jefferson County school system who object to paying agency fees to the
American Federation of State, County, and
Municipal Employees.
The lawsuit asserts that the objecting workers must pay roughly $13 in agency fees every
two weeks to AFSCME. They contend that
procedures for opting out of the amount of the
agency fee that goes for the union's political
activities, which the nonmembers are not required to pay, are cumbersome at best.

Merrick Garland and Labor
Because it's clear that the eight current
justices are split on the issue, the fate of the
public-employee-union service fees for nonmembers would seem to come down to whoever fills Scalia's seat.
Based on the record of Judge Merrick B. Garland, President Barack Obama's nominee for
the vacancy, unions may have reason to be optimistic, while anti-union groups the opposite.
In his 19 years on the U.S. Court of Appeals
for the District of Columbia Circuit, Garland
has ruled in numerous cases involving the National Labor Relations Board, which handles
such matters as union organizing at private
employers. Legal experts who have examined
Garland's record in these cases suggest he is
generally sympathetic to unions.
"His record on NLRB matters is generally
deferential to the labor board, and even when
he hasn't been, he has tended to rule for the
unions," Semmens said. "Which is not very
encouraging to us."
Associate Editor Stephen Sawchuk contributed
to this article.

As First Education Secretary, Shirley M. Hufstedler a Pacesetter
By Andrew Ujifusa
When Congress approved the
creation of a U.S. Department of
Education as its own Cabinet-level
agency in 1979, it did so only after
encountering opposition from both
sides of the aisle. Many conservative lawmakers were concerned that
it would be a bureaucratic intrusion
into education, while some liberals were worried its creation would
make getting additional federal aid
for education more difficult, among
other concerns.
Then, when President Jimmy
Carter, a supporter of a separate
education department, made his selection for the nation's first secretary
of education, he picked Shirley M.

Hufstedler, at the time a serving federal appeals court judge and former
California Court of Appeals judge
who did not have a background in
education policy.
Her time as secretary was
short-although she was sworn in
by Carter in December 1979, the
Education Department only began
operations in May 1980, and she
left in early 1981, when President
Ronald Reagan took office.
But Hufstedler, who died on
March 30 in California at age 90,
helped organize the department
during its earliest days, provided a
steady hand at the tiller, and helped
Carter show Congress that the department would not be the tool of
any particular group.

"She was serious about bringing
people together and having them
work in a serious way," said Marshall
"Mike" Smith, her chief of staff from
December 1979 to August 1980 who
is now a consultant for foundations,
"and there was a lot of uncertainty."

1968 to 1979, the opinion she wrote
that she was particularly proud
of was a dissent in Lau v. Nichols,
a case that involved the San Francisco school district's failure to provide English-language instruction
to around 1,800 children of Chinese
ancestry.
The 9th Circuit ruled that this
Record on the Bench
was not a violation of the U.S. ConAnd Hufstedler, while not a K-12 stitution's 14th Amendment. But in
policy expert when she took over the a dissent, Hufstedler argued that
department, had dealt with educa- children of Chinese ancestry in San
tion while on the bench and had firm Francisco schools were being denied
beliefs about its importance.
equal protection by not receiving
In a 2007 interview for the Califor- supplemental services. Ultimately,
nia Appellate Court Legacy Project, the U.S. Supreme Court overturned
Hufstedler recalled that during her the 9th Circuit's ruling in the case.
11 years as a judge on the U.S. Court
"[B]y the time I became secretary
of Appeals for the 9th Circuit from
PAGE 18 >

"

She was serious
about bringing
people together
and having
them work in
a serious way."
MARSHALL "MIKE" SMITH
Former Chief of Staff

EDUCATION WEEK | April 13, 2016 | www.edweek.org | 15


http://www.edweek.org

Education Week - April 13, 2016

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Education Week - April 13, 2016

Education Week - April 13, 2016
N.Y. Flip-Flop Affects Policy In Key Areas
Students Help Shape Measures Of ‘Soft Skills’
Kasich’s K-12 Record
Can Latin Build Young Vocabularies?
DIGITAL DIRECTIONS: FCC ‘Lifeline’ Effort Expanded to Bridge the Digital Divide
News in Brief
Report Roundup
Study: Tracking Not an Issue For Career-Tech-Education
San Diego Strives to Close Gap In Access to Advanced Courses
High School Coursework Seen Falling Short
Blogs of the Week
Fee-Payer Issue Still Alive, Despite Close Call for Unions
As First Education Secretary, Shirley M. Hufstedler a Pacesetter
ESSA Negotiators Dig Into Regulatory Details
Shield From Deportation Threat To Get Day at High Court
State of the States
Blogs of the Week
JONATHAN LASH: Buildings, Blocks, and Experience
ZOE WEIL: You Are What You Teach
HAROLD O. LEVY: How Should Schools Purchase Technology for the Classroom?
Letters
TopSchoolJobs Recruitment Marketplace
PAUL KIHN: The District Is Dead. Long Live the District.
Education Week - April 13, 2016 - DIGITAL DIRECTIONS: FCC ‘Lifeline’ Effort Expanded to Bridge the Digital Divide
Education Week - April 13, 2016 - 2
Education Week - April 13, 2016 - 3
Education Week - April 13, 2016 - Report Roundup
Education Week - April 13, 2016 - 5
Education Week - April 13, 2016 - Study: Tracking Not an Issue For Career-Tech-Education
Education Week - April 13, 2016 - San Diego Strives to Close Gap In Access to Advanced Courses
Education Week - April 13, 2016 - Blogs of the Week
Education Week - April 13, 2016 - 9
Education Week - April 13, 2016 - 10
Education Week - April 13, 2016 - 11
Education Week - April 13, 2016 - 12
Education Week - April 13, 2016 - 13
Education Week - April 13, 2016 - 14
Education Week - April 13, 2016 - As First Education Secretary, Shirley M. Hufstedler a Pacesetter
Education Week - April 13, 2016 - ESSA Negotiators Dig Into Regulatory Details
Education Week - April 13, 2016 - State of the States
Education Week - April 13, 2016 - 18
Education Week - April 13, 2016 - Blogs of the Week
Education Week - April 13, 2016 - 20
Education Week - April 13, 2016 - 21
Education Week - April 13, 2016 - ZOE WEIL: You Are What You Teach
Education Week - April 13, 2016 - HAROLD O. LEVY: How Should Schools Purchase Technology for the Classroom?
Education Week - April 13, 2016 - 24
Education Week - April 13, 2016 - Letters
Education Week - April 13, 2016 - TopSchoolJobs Recruitment Marketplace
Education Week - April 13, 2016 - 27
Education Week - April 13, 2016 - PAUL KIHN: The District Is Dead. Long Live the District.
Education Week - April 13, 2016 - CT1
Education Week - April 13, 2016 - CT2
Education Week - April 13, 2016 - CT3
Education Week - April 13, 2016 - CT4
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