Education Week - April 17, 2013 - 6

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EDUCATION WEEK

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APRIL 17, 2013

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www.edweek.org

Atlanta Cheating Scandal’s Tentacles Said to Reach Far
Ex-schools chief is among the indicted
The criminal indictments late
last month of retired Atlanta
schools Superintendent Beverly
L. Hall and 34 other educators for
their alleged roles in a far-reaching
cheating scandal could have widespread fallout and potentially undermine efforts in other districts to
improve the academic achievement
of poor and minority students, according to education leaders.
Ms. Hall, a one-time national superintendent of the year, and her
former school system colleagues
were named in a 65-count indictment by a Fulton County, Ga.,
grand jury that alleges the educators engaged in a broad conspiracy
to make student performance in the
Atlanta district look better than it
actually was. The indictment, which
includes racketeering charges, alleges that Ms. Hall and the others
cheated on state exams, hid the
cheating, and retaliated against
whistle-blowers who tried to expose
it. Many of those who were charged,
including Ms. Hall, received hundreds of thousands of dollars in performance bonuses that were based
on the fraudulent scores.
“The wider repercussions of the
Atlanta case are very troubling,”
said Daniel A. Domenech, a former superintendent of the Fairfax
County, Va., schools and the executive director of the American
Association of School Administrators, based in Alexandria, Va. “The
problem is that any school systems
that have accomplished great
turnarounds of schools are going
to become suspect, and people will
assume that there must have been
some cheating involved.”
Ms. Hall—who retired in 2011
after 12 years at the helm of the
48,000-student Atlanta district
and was admired widely for the
steady academic progress the system appeared to have made on her
watch—turned herself in to the
Fulton County jail on April 2 and
was released a few hours later on a
$200,000 bond. The charges against
her stem from a state law typically
used to prosecute organized crime
and are very unusual for educators
accused of wrongdoing.

If convicted, she would likely be
the highest-profile public school
administrator to be held criminally accountable for cheating.
Last year, former El Paso, Texas,
schools chief Lorenzo García
pleaded guilty to multiple counts
of fraud and was sentenced to
three years in prison for his role in
manipulating scores on state tests.
Ms. Hall’s lawyer, David J. Bailey,
said the former Atlanta superintendent is innocent of all the charges.
“We intend to defend her vigorously and look forward to clearing
her name,” Mr. Bailey said in an
interview. “Certainly, this is an unprecedented situation.”

Ben Gray/Atlanta Journal-Constitution/AP

By Lesli A. Maxwell

A National Profile
In 2009, the aasa named Ms.
Hall the national superintendent
of the year. Mr. Domenech said the
organization’s governing board
would likely take the unprecedented step of revoking the award
if she is convicted.
The specter of cheating on state
exams in Atlanta became public in
late 2008, when the Atlanta Journal-Constitution published stories
on suspicious one-year increases
in standardized-test scores in
a few elementary schools. The
newspaper followed up with an
investigation of testing throughout the school system, triggering a state probe that uncovered
how widespread the cheating had
been, with nearly 180 educators
involved dating back to 2001.
State investigators found that
teachers, principals, and testing
coordinators had either provided
answers to students during the
tests or corrected wrong answers
after the tests were turned in.
Anyone who tried to report the
wrongdoing encountered retaliation, the investigators said.
The Atlanta scandal, along with
allegations of cheating on standardized tests in other school systems,
such as the District of Columbia
and Philadelphia, have helped fuel a
backlash against standardized testing and the high-stakes sanctions
and rewards attached to the results.
Some officials, including former
Georgia Gov. Sonny Perdue, who or-

Former Atlanta public schools Superintendent Beverly L. Hall, center, heads toward the Fulton County
jail to turn herself in this month. State prosecutors allege she was part of a broad conspiracy to cheat,
conceal cheating, or retaliate against whistle-blowers in an effort to bolster student test scores.

dered the state investigation, have
said the cheating on state tests also
casts doubt on Atlanta’s notable
growth in achievement on the rigorous, federally sponsored National
Assessment of Educational Progress.
Over the past decade, Atlanta
posted some of the strongest gains
among the urban districts that participate in the Trial Urban District
Assessment, or tuda, a specially collected set of test results on districtlevel achievement from naep. Ms.
Hall pushed Atlanta to be one of the
original urban districts to participate in tuda, which publicly reports
the performance of the city’s students on the national assessment.

Results From NAEP
In 2002, 35 percent of Atlanta’s
4th graders scored at or above the
“basic” level on the naep reading
exam. By 2009, that percentage had
grown to 50 percent. For 8th graders over the same period, reading
scores rose from 42 percent scoring
at or above basic to 60 percent.
Federal officials have said that
cheating on the naep is highly unlikely, given its low-stakes nature
and the tight administrative controls maintained over the assessment. No local school personnel
ever see or handle the naep tests.
But after the state investigation in
Atlanta revealed cheating on state
tests, naep officials conducted their
own investigation into whether any
wrongdoing occurred on the 2009
naep administration in Atlanta.
They turned up no evidence
of cheating, said Sean P. “Jack”
Buckley, the commissioner of the
National Center for Education
Statistics, the federal agency that
administers the naep.
Federal statisticians also wanted
to make sure the district hadn’t
tried to manipulate the samples of
students to be tested. They looked
closely at the 79 Atlanta schools
that took part in the test administration in 2009 and found nine
where the population and demographics of students reported to

the U.S. Department of Education
didn’t quite match up with the
snapshot of students who were included in the testing sample. When
naep officials probed for answers,
there were plausible explanations,
Mr. Buckley said. In one case, an
alternative middle school had been
relocated to a new neighborhood
and probably would have experienced a change in its student body
as a result.
Mr. Buckley also said that Atlanta’s rates of excluding special education students or English-language
learners from the national tests
were low compared with those of
other districts and the state overall.
He believes that Atlanta’s progress
on the naep is real.
“The situation in Atlanta is
complicated,” he said. “There were
obviously rampant violations of
testing integrity going on there,
but there were also schools there
that were legitimately improving.”

Wider Impacts
Winston Brooks, the superintendent of the 90,000-student Albuquerque, N.M., district and a longtime colleague of Ms. Hall’s in the
Council of the Great City Schools,
said that regardless of the outcome
in the criminal case, Ms. Hall deserves credit for improving achievement for many Atlanta students.
“I think she narrowed the
achievement gap and raised the
proficiency levels, if not evidenced
by the state tests, but as evidenced
by the naep,” he said.
Mr. Brooks said school leaders will need to be extra vigilant
about test security and integrity.
“Superintendents and other
leaders have to make clear that
under no circumstances will
cheating be tolerated,” he said. “I
think most of us have taken it for
granted that people won’t cheat.”
For many of the educators who
were caught up in the cheating
scandal, either as participants or
whistle-blowers, the career damage has been deep, said Verdaillia

Turner, the president of the Atlanta
Federation of Teachers. While a
handful of teachers have been indicted, dozens more were fired,
left the district, or lost their state
licenses, she said.
“There was an atmosphere of
fear in some of the schools,” said
Ms. Turner. “Our organization
spent a lot of time trying to get
teachers transferred out of schools
where they felt the pressure to do
things they knew were wrong.”
According to the indictment, Ms.
Hall “placed unreasonable emphasis on achieving [student performance] targets; protected and
awarded those who achieved targets through cheating; terminated
principals who failed to achieve targets; and ignored suspicious [state
standardized-test] score gains at
schools” in the district.
Ronald L. Carlson, a professor
emeritus of law at the University of Georgia, in Athens, said
the racketeering and conspiracy
charges against Ms. Hall and the
former district employees are unlike what is typically seen in criminal prosecutions of educators.
“We’re used to seeing school people charged with theft of money or
with abusing students,” Mr. Carlson said. “The success or failure of
this prosecution will really turn on
the quality of testimony from the
teachers and administrators who
are cooperating with the state.”
Ms. Hall also has been charged
with lying under oath to state investigators that she had no knowledge
of specific complaints about cheating in some schools.
“Beverly Hall was one of the most
highly respected superintendents
in the country,” said Mr. Brooks,
echoing the widespread sentiment
about Ms. Hall among her urban
education peers. “Most of us looked
at her as a role model, both for her
passion for kids, especially minority
children, and for her intelligence.”
Staff Writer Jaclyn Zubrzycki and
Research Librarian Holly Peele
contributed to this article.


http://www.edweek.org http://www.eduweek.org/go/qc13shr

Education Week - April 17, 2013

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Education Week - April 17, 2013

Education Week - April 17, 2013
Obama Pushes Pre-K, Competitive Grants in Budget
Standards in Science Unveiled
DIGITAL DIRECTIONS: In Digital Age, Sunshine Laws Turn Hazy
FOCUS ON: HIGH SCHOOL: High School Redesign Gets Presidential Lift
Contents
News in Brief
Report Roundup
Atlanta Cheating Scandal’s Tentacles Said to Reach Far
Common-Core Writers Offer ‘Publishers’ Criteria’ for Math
Blogs of the Week
K-12 in Mix as State Legislatures Wrap Up
Bills Advance on School Security, Mental Health
Policy Brief
LARRY CUBAN: Framing the School Technology Dream
MICHAEL J. FEUER: It’s Not the Test That Made Them Cheat
LORRAINE BELLON CELLA: How Do You Evaluate Teachers Who Change Lives?
Letters
TopSchoolJobs Recruitment Marketplace
KATE SHAW & ADAM SCHOTT: Proceed With Caution
Education Week - April 17, 2013 - FOCUS ON: HIGH SCHOOL: High School Redesign Gets Presidential Lift
Education Week - April 17, 2013 - 2
Education Week - April 17, 2013 - Contents
Education Week - April 17, 2013 - News in Brief
Education Week - April 17, 2013 - Report Roundup
Education Week - April 17, 2013 - Atlanta Cheating Scandal’s Tentacles Said to Reach Far
Education Week - April 17, 2013 - 7
Education Week - April 17, 2013 - 8
Education Week - April 17, 2013 - Common-Core Writers Offer ‘Publishers’ Criteria’ for Math
Education Week - April 17, 2013 - Blogs of the Week
Education Week - April 17, 2013 - 11
Education Week - April 17, 2013 - 12
Education Week - April 17, 2013 - 13
Education Week - April 17, 2013 - 14
Education Week - April 17, 2013 - 15
Education Week - April 17, 2013 - 16
Education Week - April 17, 2013 - 17
Education Week - April 17, 2013 - 18
Education Week - April 17, 2013 - Policy Brief
Education Week - April 17, 2013 - 20
Education Week - April 17, 2013 - 21
Education Week - April 17, 2013 - 22
Education Week - April 17, 2013 - 23
Education Week - April 17, 2013 - MICHAEL J. FEUER: It’s Not the Test That Made Them Cheat
Education Week - April 17, 2013 - 25
Education Week - April 17, 2013 - Letters
Education Week - April 17, 2013 - 27
Education Week - April 17, 2013 - 28
Education Week - April 17, 2013 - TopSchoolJobs Recruitment Marketplace
Education Week - April 17, 2013 - 30
Education Week - April 17, 2013 - 31
Education Week - April 17, 2013 - KATE SHAW & ADAM SCHOTT: Proceed With Caution
Education Week - April 17, 2013 - Cover1
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