Education Week - August 24, 2016 - 22

Advocates Encouraged by Candidates' Early-Years Focus
By Christina A. Samuels
& Lillian Mongeau
After both presidential candidates
touched on early-childhood issues in
high-profile speeches recently, advocates were united on one thing:
They want to see that conversation
continue.
Both Hillary Clinton, the Democratic nominee, and Donald Trump,
the Republican candidate, talked
about child-care costs during addresses on economic policy. Trump
floated the idea of a child-care tax
deduction at an Aug. 8 appearance
before the Detroit Economic Club.
Three days later, Clinton reminded
audiences of her proposal to make
child-care costs no more than a relatively small proportion of a family's
income at an appearance at a manufacturing plant in Warren, Mich.
"Overall, it's really exciting that
early childhood appears to be getting on the map at this point," said
Katharine B. Stevens, who leads
the early-childhood program at the
American Enterprise Institute, a
conservative think tank. "That reflects the growing understanding
that the public has that the first
five years of children's lives really
lay the foundation for everything
that follows."
Katie Hamm, the senior director
for early-childhood policy at the
liberal Center for American Progress Action Fund, said the fact that
Trump was talking about childcare affordability is "emblematic
of how much of a crisis this has
become."
At the same time, however, supporters of public investment in
early childhood said that the earlychildhood workforce-usually made

up of women who are often earning
wages that put them on par with
fast-food workers-needs to be a
part of the discussion as well.
The cost of care should probably
be higher because child-care workers are so underpaid," said Helen
Blank, the director of child care
and early learning for the National
Women's Law Center, which cham-

issue and address them one at a
time, when they're all interrelated."
Trump's foray into child-care
policy was a noteworthy pivot to
a domestic-policy issue that had
not been at the forefront of his
campaign before that point. In an
emailed statement to the news
media after the speech, Trump said
his plan would provide "credit to

younger than 15 paid $143 a week
in child care in 2011, up from $84
weekly in 1985. (The 1985 figure
was adjusted for inflation.)
Tax analysts noted that a tax deduction would most benefit families
with high incomes, not low-income
people who do not pay any taxes at
the end of the year.
"A tax deduction is not a good way

"

Overall, it's really exciting that early childhood appears
to be getting on the map at this point."
KATHARINE B. STEVENS
American Enterprise Institute

pions women's rights. "There has to
be a plan that can meet the needs
of all families and the people who
care for them."

First Mention for Trump
Deborah Phillips, who co-wrote
two reports on the state of the
child-care workforce, is looking
for leaders who understand that
child-care quality cannot be linked
directly to what families are able to
pay. The military child-care system,
for example, requires fees that are
based on a family's income, but all
children, no matter their family's
income, attend the same high-quality centers.
"That entails a recognition that
child care provides benefits to a
society as a whole," said Phillips,
a professor of psychology at Georgetown University. "We can't pull out
single strands of this much broader

stay-at-home caregivers" and that
"to provide benefits to lower-income
taxpayers who may not benefit
from the deduction, the plan also
allows parents to exclude child-care
expenses from half of their payroll
taxes-increasing their paycheck
income each week."
Trump's daughter, Ivanka, has
been a high-profile voice within his
campaign on family issues. At the
Republican National Convention,
she said that "as a mother myself
of three young children, I know
how hard it is to work while raising a family, and I also know that
I am far more fortunate than most.
American families need relief. Policies that allow women with children
to thrive should not be novelties;
they should be the norm."
The U.S. Census Bureau, in a 2013
report called "Who's Minding the
Kids," said that the average family
with a working mother and children

to do this," said Hamm of the Center
for American Progress. "It gives you
a tax windfall after you've paid for
your child care. If you're struggling
to make ends meet month to month,
it doesn't really help you."
Clinton's response to Trump's comments was to criticize him for being
late to the party-while offering up
her own policy proposals.
"Previously, he dismissed concerns about child care. He said it
was, quote, 'not an expensive thing'
because you just need some blocks
and some swings. Now he says he
wants to exclude child-care payments from taxation. His plan was
panned from the left, the right, the
center-because it transparently is
designed for rich people like him,"
she said.
Clinton has proposed tax relief for
families that would keep the cost of
child care to no more than 10 percent of their income. Such a plan

Move Halts Transgender Boy's Restroom Access
CONTINUED FROM PAGE 20

Gloucester County School Board v. G.G. (No.
16A52) to stay those decisions to the full court,
currently one member short because of the vacancy caused by Justice Antonin Scalia's death.
Roberts, along with Breyer and Justices Anthony M. Kennedy, Clarence Thomas, and Samuel A. Alito Jr., voted to grant the stay.
Justices Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Sonia Sotomayor, and Elena Kagan voted against granting the stay.

Courtesy Call
Michael C. Dorf, a law professor at Cornell
University, said that Breyer may have drawn
attention to his "courtesy" vote as a way of pushing his colleagues to return more reliably to the
practice of such courtesy votes for stays. Such
emergency actions require five votes, while
granting a review to hear the merits of any case
only requires four.
That has led to a situation in which four justices vote to hear the appeal on the merits of,
say, a death-row prisoner, but that prisoner
lacks a vote from a fifth justice to stay his execution before that appeal could be heard.
Such a "grisly scenario" has unfolded several
times in recent years, Dorf noted. In a 2008 case
involving a Mexican national who was sched-

uled to be executed in Texas for the gang rape
and murder of two teenage girls in Houston,
four justices wanted to delay the execution at
least long enough to hear the views of the U.S.
solicitor general about the international treaty
implications of the death sentence.
Breyer said in a dissent at the time that it was
"particularly disappointing" that no other justice would provide the fifth vote to stay the execution. Breyer cited that dissent in MedillĂ­n v.
Texas in his concurrence in the transgender case.
But Breyer's stance in the transgender case
troubled many legal observers, including Dorf,
who called it "ill-advised."
In the Gloucester County case, Dorf said,
"there is no risk that disturbing the status quo
will moot the case." In other words, one of the
main standards for granting the extraordinary
relief of staying a lower-court injunction was
not met because the district could still pursue
the merits of its desire to require students to
use the restrooms corresponding to the sex they
were assigned at birth.

What's Next?
Dorf, a former law clerk to Justice Kennedy,
says it is "laughable" to suggest that the district
would be irreparably harmed by "accommodating one trans student's desire to use the restroom that matches his gender identity."

22 | EDUCATION WEEK | August 24, 2016 | www.edweek.org

Both Dorf and Block, the ACLU lawyer representing Gavin Grimm, argued that the stay
harms the transgender youth, who has mostly
refused to use the separate, single-occupancy
restroom that school authorities have asked
him to use.
"The real effect is on this teenager," said
Black. "As a result of the stay, he's going to
have to go back to school under humiliating
circumstances."
The Gloucester County district's main lawyers in the case, at a Richmond, Va., firm, did
not respond to a request for comment. A lawyer with a Washington firm hired to help with
the district's Supreme Court appeal declined
to comment.
The Gloucester County district must file its
appeal on the merits of the 4th Circuit's ruling by Aug. 29, after Chief Justice Roberts last
week turned down the district's request for a
30-day extension to file that appeal.
Derek W. Black, a law professor at the University of South Carolina who specializes
in education law, said he was surprised by
the Supreme Court's stay in the Gloucester
County case, given how much other litigation
is percolating about transgender students in
schools.
"Maybe with this stay, the court is just pressing the pause button for schools on this issue,"
Black said.

would require a large public investment in tax credits and subsidized
child-care programs.
She has also proposed doubling
the current investment in Early
Head Start, which serves pregnant
women and children from infancy
through age 3. Early Head Start
was created in 1994, during the
presidency of her husband, Bill
Clinton. Currently, Early Head
Start and the traditional Head
Start program for 4-year-olds are
budgeted at $8.6 billion in total.

Investing in Younger Children
Rather than focusing on existing
funding streams such as Head Start,
Stevens of the American Enterprise
Institute suggests that lawmakers
think about what they would like to
achieve with a public investment in
early childhood.
"What the developmental science
is telling us is that what's most
important is to be focusing on the
youngest children with the biggest
needs," said Stevens, who recently
conducted an analysis of earlychildhood research. Her conclusion
was that programs aimed at the
youngest children-such as homevisiting programs, which connect
at-risk families with counselors-
show more evidence of benefit than
preschool programs.
These young children "don't need
more school; they need a higherquality environment that supports
their early development," she said.
"We need to start with our end goal
in sight."
Visit the EARLY YEARS blog, which tracks news
and trends on this issue.
www.edweek.org/blogs

"

Maybe with this
stay, the court
is just pressing
the pause button
for schools
on this issue."
DEREK W. BLACK
Law professor,
University of South Carolina


http://www.edweek.org/blogs http://www.edweek.org

Education Week - August 24, 2016

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Education Week - August 24, 2016

Contents
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Education Week - August 24, 2016 - CT1
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