Education Week - September 30, 2015 - 14

GOVERNMENT & POLITICS

Federal Fiscal Showdown Puts Districts, Agencies on Edge
By Alyson Klein

Leaders in Congress,
including Senate Majority
Leader Mitch McConnell,
R-Ky., center, were
scrambling last week to
put together a strategy
that would lead to passage
of a federal spending
measure, as the Sept. 30
end of the fiscal year
loomed. Failure to pass a
budget in time in 2013
resulted in a government
shutdown felt acutely by
some programs. Joining
McConnell at a news
conference last week were
Sens. John Barrasso,
R-Wyo., left, and John
Cornyn, R-Texas.

Officials of school districts that count on
money from the federal Impact Aid program,
along with some Head Start administrators,
were crossing their fingers last week that Congress could come to an agreement on spending-even a temporary one-and avert a repeat
of the 2013 government shutdown that caused
serious disruption and lost momentum.
Congress faced a standoff over the budget
sparked by fierce opposition by some Republicans over funding for Planned Parenthood.
Lawmakers must come to an accord on spending by Sept. 30, the end of fiscal year 2015,
or many government operations would cease
until an agreement can be hammered out.

Most schools and K-12 programs wouldn't
feel an immediate pinch if the federal government were to close its doors temporarily. But
the shutdown two years ago had a major effect
on Head Start, the early-childhood program
for low-income families funded through the
Department of Health and Human Services,
and some districts that rely on impact aid, the
nearly $1.3 billion Education Department program that helps schools with a big federal presence-such as a military base or an American
Indian reservation-make up for lost revenue.
Some Head Start centers were forced to
close their doors for a week or more, and a
handful of impact-aid districts were forced to
borrow money and were worried about making payroll.
With a budget deadline looming, the Department of Education and other federal agencies
are dusting off their shutdown plans.
In 2013, more than 90 percent of the Education Department's employees-about 4,000-
didn't report to work, making it tough for state
education agencies and school districts with

Jacquelyn Martin/AP

Selective Hit

questions for the federal government. And there
were other complications, such as problems delivering applications for Race to the Top district
grants. (The department ultimately extended
the deadline for the program.)
This month's drama is just the first in a series of expected fiscal showdowns. There are
plenty of other opportunities for budget battles
throughout the fall, as Republicans in Congress
tangle with the Obama administration on a
range of issues, including how to get rid of the
spending squeeze known as sequestration.
"Even if there's no shutdown now, that's not
a solution. That's just the kick-the-can-downthe-road option," said Joel Packer, the executive director of the Committee for Education
Funding, a lobbying group. The ultimate out-

come of that-a longer-term spending agreement-could have major implications for K-12
programs, some of which, such as Investing in
Innovation grants, may end up on the chopping block, he said.
By contrast, a shutdown, especially a short
one, would have a fairly limited impact. Most
federal money for K-12 education, such as state
grants for special education and Title I grants
to help districts cover the cost of educating
disadvantaged students, is provided a couple
months before the start of the school year.
But Head Start is on a different schedule-its checks go out to different batches of
grantees on a rolling basis throughout the
year. Last week, the National Head Start Association projected that 23 grantees across

10 states and Puerto Rico might see their
payments disrupted if the government shuts
down Oct. 1. It wouldn't be the first time-in
2013, a handful of centers were forced to close
their doors.
William Bevacqua, the assistant to executive director of Action for Bridgeport Community Development in Connecticut, said its
Head Start center had to lay off staff members
and could not accommodate the 900 or so children it served.
"A great many of [our] families are working
parents and had no alternative but to stay
home and care for their children," he said. "It
was a real agonizing period of time for those
folks." The state ended up stepping in and proPAGE 16 >

Union Fees, Affirmative Action on High Court's 2015-16 Docket
By Mark Walsh
The power of the U.S. Supreme
Court may reach into teachers' paychecks, union treasuries, and college admissions offices in the new
term beginning next week.
The biggest education case of
the 2015-16 term involves the fees
charged by teachers' unions for collective bargaining to those who do
not want to join the union.
It's a case that conservatives on
the high court practically invited
in recent years with decisions that
were at the edges of the question
that is now squarely before the
court: Whether it should overrule a
key precedent that for nearly four
decades has authorized public-employee unions to extract such fees
from objecting workers.
The other big education case
involves the return of affirmative
action, or race-conscious policies,
in college admissions. A white student, Abigail Fisher, continues to
challenge the admissions plan of
the University of Texas at Austin.
The justices wrestled with her case
two terms ago before asking a federal appeals court to give greater

scrutiny to the system that was in
use when Fisher was denied admission in 2008.
The justices will continue to add
cases to their docket for the new
term for several months. Even if
they do not add another education
case, the new term will be the most
significant for educators in several
years. As Education Week reported
at the start of the term last year,
the justices had not heard a case
involving school districts or public
school administrators in five years.

High-Stakes for Unions
That drought will end with the
union-fees case, Friedrichs v. California Teachers Association (No.
14-915), which includes several
Southern California school districts
as parties. The basic conflict in the
case, though, is between teachers
who don't want to join the union
and pay service fees that can equal
as much as 98 percent of dues for
union members, and the local,
state, and national labor organizations that collect such fees.
"I think both sides of the debate
would agree that the stakes are

14 | EDUCATION WEEK | September 30, 2015 | www.edweek.org

quite high," Paul D. Clement, a
prominent Supreme Court litigator
who is not involved in the case, said
at an event last week sponsored by
the Heritage Foundation.
The Friedrichs case was brought
by 10 California public school teachers, and a Christian educators'
group to which they belong, against
the state affiliate of the National
Education Association and several
of its local affiliates. The teachers
decline to join the union and object
on First Amendment free-speech
grounds to paying service fees, or
"fair share" fees, for being represented by the bargaining unit.
The teachers are asking the Supreme Court to overrule a 1977
decision, Abood v. Detroit Board of
Education, that authorizes publicsector unions to charge such fees
to union objectors. Such fees bring
in millions of dollars to the publicemployee unions, and right-to-work
groups have long sought to undo
the precedent.
The teachers say undoing Abood
is necessary for them to challenge
California's system of allowing
school districts to require teachers
to either pay dues to join the union

or pay a service fee. They also object to having to take steps to opt
out of the union every year.
"Every year, California law requires thousands of public school
teachers to pay hundreds of millions of dollars to the NEA, the
CTA, and their local affiliates," the
objecting teachers argue in a legal
brief. "This annual tribute subsidizes those unions for the quintessentially political act of extracting
policy commitments from local
elected officials on some of the most
contested issues in education and
fiscal policy."

Framing the Issue
The unions have until late October to file their merits briefs, and
an NEA official didn't respond to
a request for comment. In a brief
filed when the court was deciding
whether to take up the case, the
NEA, the CTA, and their local affiliates said that Abood "rests on
solid constitutional footing and has
been repeatedly reaffirmed."
In a 2014 decision in Harris v.
Quinn, the Supreme Court stopped
short of overruling Abood when

it held that a group of Medicaid
home-health workers were really
not government employees and
could not be forced to pay agency
fees to a union representing the
majority of such workers in Illinois.
Writing for a 5-4 majority in
Harris, Justice Samuel A. Alito
Jr. wrote at length about Abood's
"questionable foundations," but he
concluded it wasn't necessary to
overrule the 1977 decision in the
Illinois case. Alito had raised similar concerns in a separate case two
years earlier.
Justice Elena Kagan wrote a dissent for the court's liberal bloc that
said, "For some 40 years, Abood has
struck a stable balance-consistent
with this court's general framework
for assessing public employees'
First Amendment claims-between
those employees' rights and government entities' interests in managing their workforces."
The unions' best hope for gaining a fifth vote to retain the status
quo, many scholars agree, is Justice
Antonin Scalia, who was in the majority in Harris but has expressed
some support for the Abood system.
PAGE 16 >


http://www.edweek.org

Education Week - September 30, 2015

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Education Week - September 30, 2015

Education Week - September 30, 2015
N.Y.C. Pushes to Meet Promise Of Universal Pre-K
K-12 Funding Fights Roil State Landscape At School Year’s Start
Parent Meetings Get a Makeover
Choice Advocates Seek Expansion of Private Schools
Contents
News in Brief
Report Roundup
Grit, Character Research Draws New Walton Investments
Experts Differ on the Usability Of New College Scorecard Data
How Tech Can Improve Youngsters’ Reading Skills
Blogs of the Week
Union Fees, Affirmative Action on High Court’s 2015-16 Docket
Federal Fiscal Showdown Puts Districts, Agencies on Edge
REBECCA WHEAT: ZIP Codes Needn’t Predict Students’ Futures
HOWARD E. HORTON: A Degree at Any Cost? Not So Fast
JIM SHELTON: Closing the Achievement Gap: Why Are We Ignoring What Works?
Letters
TopSchoolJobs Recruitment Marketplace
ALFIE KOHN: Do This and You’ll Get That: A Bad Way to Defend Good Programs
Education Week - September 30, 2015 - Choice Advocates Seek Expansion of Private Schools
Education Week - September 30, 2015 - 2
Education Week - September 30, 2015 - Contents
Education Week - September 30, 2015 - News in Brief
Education Week - September 30, 2015 - Report Roundup
Education Week - September 30, 2015 - Experts Differ on the Usability Of New College Scorecard Data
Education Week - September 30, 2015 - 7
Education Week - September 30, 2015 - How Tech Can Improve Youngsters’ Reading Skills
Education Week - September 30, 2015 - Blogs of the Week
Education Week - September 30, 2015 - 10
Education Week - September 30, 2015 - 11
Education Week - September 30, 2015 - 12
Education Week - September 30, 2015 - 13
Education Week - September 30, 2015 - Federal Fiscal Showdown Puts Districts, Agencies on Edge
Education Week - September 30, 2015 - 15
Education Week - September 30, 2015 - 16
Education Week - September 30, 2015 - 17
Education Week - September 30, 2015 - REBECCA WHEAT: ZIP Codes Needn’t Predict Students’ Futures
Education Week - September 30, 2015 - JIM SHELTON: Closing the Achievement Gap: Why Are We Ignoring What Works?
Education Week - September 30, 2015 - Letters
Education Week - September 30, 2015 - 21
Education Week - September 30, 2015 - TopSchoolJobs Recruitment Marketplace
Education Week - September 30, 2015 - 23
Education Week - September 30, 2015 - ALFIE KOHN: Do This and You’ll Get That: A Bad Way to Defend Good Programs
Education Week - September 30, 2015 - CT1
Education Week - September 30, 2015 - CT2
Education Week - September 30, 2015 - CT3
Education Week - September 30, 2015 - CT4
Education Week - September 30, 2015 - SCover1
Education Week - September 30, 2015 - SCover2
Education Week - September 30, 2015 - S1
Education Week - September 30, 2015 - S2
Education Week - September 30, 2015 - S3
Education Week - September 30, 2015 - S4
Education Week - September 30, 2015 - S5
Education Week - September 30, 2015 - S6
Education Week - September 30, 2015 - S7
Education Week - September 30, 2015 - S8
Education Week - September 30, 2015 - S9
Education Week - September 30, 2015 - S10
Education Week - September 30, 2015 - S11
Education Week - September 30, 2015 - S12
Education Week - September 30, 2015 - S13
Education Week - September 30, 2015 - S14
Education Week - September 30, 2015 - S15
Education Week - September 30, 2015 - S16
Education Week - September 30, 2015 - S17
Education Week - September 30, 2015 - S18
Education Week - September 30, 2015 - S19
Education Week - September 30, 2015 - S20
Education Week - September 30, 2015 - SCover3
Education Week - September 30, 2015 - SCover4
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