Education Week - October 20, 2021 - 14

The Already Dire Substitute Shortage
Could Get 'Worse Before It Gets Better'
By Madeline Will
What happens when the teacher
is out, and there's no one available to
lead the classroom? For many districts,
that's been a disconcerting reality this
school year.
Substitute teachers have been in
short supply in many school districts
for years now. But this school year,
the shortage has been dire. To fill the
gaps, schools are tapping other staff
members to cover classes, relaxing
their requirements to substitute, and
using their COVID-19 relief money to
increase pay for subs. But even with
these efforts, some districts have still
had to cancel classes or even shut down
schools due to the substitute shortage.
" Schools all across the country
are scrambling to figure out what to
do, " said Amanda von Moos, the cofounder
of Substantial Classrooms,
a national nonprofit focused on improving
substitute teaching. And with
cold and flu season and the holidays
approaching, " I think we're in for this
getting worse before it gets better. "
A nationally representative survey,
conducted by the EdWeek Research
Center Sept. 29 to Oct. 8, found that
77 percent of principals and district
leaders said they have struggled to hire
a sufficient number of substitute teachers.
More administrators pointed to
difficulties hiring subs than any other
staffing position.
Before the pandemic, the national
average fill rate-meaning the percentage
of teacher absences that
was covered by a substitute-was
about 80 percent. This year, von
Moos said she's hearing anecdotally
that it's closer to 50 or
60 percent.
Administrators and experts
say the substitute shortage is
caused by both high demand
and low supply. In many places,
teachers are out more frequently
than usual because they've been
exposed to or contracted COVID-19
and must quarantine, or because their
own children have to quarantine. Also,
school districts across the country are
reporting starting the year with unfilled
teaching positions. District leaders
usually prioritize having substitutes
cover those long-term absences, which
means they're now short on people to
cover the short-term and mediumterm
absences.
The frequency of teachers being out
for two weeks at a time due to quarantine
requirements is unique to this
year and creates logistical challenges,
von Moos said. Often, the substitutes
who are interested in longer-term jobs
are already covering a teacher's classroom.
The available substitutes might
not be able to work every day, which
means districts will have to piece together
a schedule for the two weeks,
creating a " disjointed experience " for
students, she said.
Also, there are fewer people willing
to substitute this school year, administrators
say. Many substitutes are retired
teachers who may be at higher
risk for serious COVID-19 complications.
They may not feel comfortable
returning to school buildings amid
the ongoing pandemic. Some district
leaders have said they're having an especially
hard time finding substitutes
for elementary schools, since those
students are all unvaccinated.
And private businesses are aggressively
trying to incentivize and
recruit workers-making the competition
fierce. Substitute teaching has
historically been a low-paid job with
no benefits. Now, someone could
feasibly make more money working
at Starbucks.
Will the sub shortage hurt student
learning?
While school districts are experiencing
many different types of staffing
shortages, the lack of reliable
substitutes is hindering districts' ability
to catch students up academically.
Experienced substitute teachers can
mitigate the disruption in learning that
comes with a teacher's absence. Districts
need that consistency more than
ever, given the pandemic's effect on
student learning, but instead, they're
having to find alternative solutions.
The EdWeek Research Center survey
found that two-thirds of principals
and district leaders across the country
are asking their employees to take on
additional responsibilities because of
struggles with shortages.
To lessen the number of teacher absences,
administrators in Fairfield are
considering scaling back professional
learning days, Cummings said.
Meanwhile, the San José Unified
school district is having its counselors,
intervention specialists, and other staff
members be " on call " to substitute
for four days every month. The decision
was overwhelmingly unpopular
among counselors and others in the
community, said Crystal Calhoun, a
grandmother to four students in the
district and an elder leader of the San
José Unified Equity Coalition, a grassroots
group of educators, students, and
community members fighting for racial
equity.
" During this crisis that children have
been through, they need more counselors
and not less, " Calhoun said,
adding that students are feeling more
anxious and reporting more suicidal
thoughts than in years past. " The best
we can do for them is give them as
much support and counseling as we
can. ... Counselors are calling me in
tears about this decision. "
For Dana Fate, a middle school
counselor in the district, the decision
was disheartening. The district is placing
counselors in any school, not necessarily
the one they work in, so they
may not have prior relationships with
the students. Subbing will take
away from the amount of time
she has to address her students'
mental health needs, she said,
and she doesn't feel comfortable
serving as a teacher.
" They're asking us to do
something we're not qualified
to do, " Fate said. " Kids
are already coming back from a
year and a half [of remote school].
We're not going to be able to get them
up to speed. "
Some districts have had to consider
iStock/Getty
In terms of finding substitutes, " last
year was a difficult year, but it wasn't
so difficult so early, " said Michael
Cummings, the superintendent of
schools in Fairfield, Conn. Right now,
the district is averaging a fill rate of
about 60 to 70 percent-numbers that
are typical right before the winter holidays
or later in the spring. " I think one
of our concerns [is that] it could get
worse, " he said.
Principals are tapping teachers to
give up their prep time to cover unfilled
classes or are dispersing students
throughout different classes. Infrequently,
principals have had to cancel
classes and offer a study hall instead,
where students work on assignments
without any direct instruction or support,
Cummings said.
14 | EDUCATION WEEK | October 20, 2021 | www.edweek.org
the worst-case scenario: temporarily
shutting down schools. In Filer, Idaho,
the substitute shortage-and high volume
of staff absences due to COVID19-forced
the school district to cancel
all classes and close for a week late last
month.
" We needed some time to regroup, "
said Superintendent Kelli Schroeder,
adding that with such significant shortages,
students were congregating in
the school library or gym instead of
being in class.
The small, rural district used to
offer $65 a day for a substitute teacher
without a bachelor's degree and $80
a day for someone with a degree. This
school year, the district increased the
pay to $80 and $95 a day, respectively.
But now, Schroeder said she's going
to propose that the school board use
additional money from the state to increase
pay rates even further, to $110
a day without a bachelor's degree and
$125 a day with one. This increase
would be temporary through December,
she said.
The shutdown publicized the district's
dire need for substitutes, so more
people have since applied to work even
just one day a week or a few days a
month, Schroeder said: " We'll take it. "
And a couple businesses in town,
including the local internet provider,
volunteered to have their employees
pinch-hit during periods of particularly
high absences. Schroeder said
the district is set for now with the new
applicants, but she may circle back to
that offer if needed.
" The community has really stepped
up in helping us with that problem, "
Schroeder said. " I'm hoping we don't
have to [shut down] again-I'm hoping
people stay healthy. "
More money isn't always the
solution
Before the pandemic, the Boulder
Valley school district in Colorado had
a pool of about 900 substitutes. This
school year, it started off with about
300 substitutes. After weeks of actively
recruiting subs-including parents-
the district now has about 560 substitutes
in its system, said Mike Gradoz,
the assistant superintendent of human
resources.
But Fridays have been the most challenging
days to fill teacher absences.
The district was only filling about twothirds
of its absences, Gradoz said. In
late September, the district doubled
its Friday pay rate from $100 to $200.
Last week, the fill rate was 78 percent,
Gradoz said.
" It's starting to increase a little bit,
but it's not good enough, " he said,
adding that when there aren't enough
substitutes, teachers often have to give
up their prep period to cover classes, or
principals or central office staff fill in.
" It really contributes to lower morale. "
Still, Gradoz said he doesn't know
if further raising the pay will solve the
problem. Other nearby districts pay
about $20 more and have similar fill
rates, he said. Improved working conditions
may also help recruitment and
retention among substitutes.
" We're encouraging principals [to
do] things to make them feel wanted
and comfortable and welcome so
they'll come back, " he said. That includes
incentives such as gift cards for
coffee, provided lunch, and well-organized
lesson plans. " If they have a sub,
they'll give them the red carpet. "
Indeed, Substantial's von Moos said
increasing pay is " desperately needed "
but won't be enough to solve this crisis:
" I think we will need some kind of innovation. "
For
example, Substantial, the nonprofit
for reimagining substitute teaching,
has long encouraged the model of
full-time substitute teachers who are
based in a single school. That approach
can help to address disparities in coverage
and provide more stability for students
and staff. Gradoz said the Boulder
Valley school district is considering
implementing a similar model due to
the persistent shortage this year.
States may relax requirements for
substitutes
Von Moos, who recently co-authored
a book about redesigning the substitute
teaching experience, said she hopes
that states will reconsider some of the
hurdles to become a substitute this
year, including by waiving application
fees and streamlining the permit process.
Some states are also considering
relaxing education requirements, such
as having a bachelor's degree.
" We rely on a bachelor's degree as
a signal of perseverance and competence,
and it doesn't really match what
we need people to be doing in these
roles, " von Moos said. " People who are
great working with kids may not have
that degree. What we really need to
focus on is, what are the skills and attributes
that people need to be successful
as a substitute teacher? "
For example, the state of Oregon had
just about 4,700 licensed substitute
teachers in mid-September-down
from nearly 8,300 in December 2019,
before the pandemic. In response
to the staffing shortage, the Oregon
Teacher Standards and Practice Commission
has temporarily dropped the
requirement for substitutes to have a
bachelor's degree.
" We thought long and hard about
what it means to possibly have someone
without a bachelor's degree in a
substitute position, " said Anthony
Rosilez, the executive director of
the commission, in an email. " That
is why we established very strong
responsibilities for the sponsoring
district to guide and support the licensee
in their work. Furthermore,
we hope that the need for this unique
license will only be temporary. "
However, the rule change has posed
some unintended complications for
districts, said Cathy Hurowitz, the
superintendent of Clatskanie school
district in northwest Oregon. Paraprofessionals
who don't have bachelor's
degree are now qualified to substitute-and
the pay rate for substitutes
is at least $10 an hour higher than it is
for classified school staff. Those paraprofessionals
could fill any teacher
absences, but then the district would
still have to fill their positions, and it
was already experiencing a shortage
of substitutes for instructional support
staff, Hurowitz said.
" This is just a can of worms, " she
said. " I know the department was trying
to help, ... [but] it creates a bigger
problem. "
Still, Hurowitz said that since the
state is allowing substitutes who don't
hold a college degree, she would rather
those subs be the district's own staff.
The district plans to prioritize giving
substitute licenses to staff members
who are in a teacher education program,
then staffers who holds credits
toward a bachelor's degree, and finally
staffers who have an associate's degree.
Ultimately, Hurowitz said, " we just
need people. "
http://www.edweek.org

Education Week - October 20, 2021

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Education Week - October 20, 2021

Education Week - October 20, 2021
Briefly Stated
‘Test to Stay’: New Approach Keeps COVID-Exposed Students in Class
What the Research Says
Schools Helped Defeat Polio and Diphtheria. Can They Do It With COVID?
Silencing Parents or Protecting Educators?
Calls to Ban Books by Black Authors Are Increasing Amid Critical Race Theory Debates
Critical Race Theory Law Runs Into Legal Trouble in Arizona
The Already Dire Substitute Shortage Could Get ‘Worse Before It Gets Better’
With $102 Million in Grants, These Districts Plan to Train Principals With a Focus on Equity
Districts Are Leaning on Medical Advisers To Help With COVID Policies. It’s Paying Off
The Overdue Case for Competency-Based Education
Teacher Wellness Shouldn’t Be A Teacher’s Job
EdWeek Top School Jobs
Toxic Positivity Has No Place in Schools
Education Week - October 20, 2021 - Education Week - October 20, 2021
Education Week - October 20, 2021 - Briefly Stated
Education Week - October 20, 2021 - 3
Education Week - October 20, 2021 - ‘Test to Stay’: New Approach Keeps COVID-Exposed Students in Class
Education Week - October 20, 2021 - What the Research Says
Education Week - October 20, 2021 - Schools Helped Defeat Polio and Diphtheria. Can They Do It With COVID?
Education Week - October 20, 2021 - 7
Education Week - October 20, 2021 - Silencing Parents or Protecting Educators?
Education Week - October 20, 2021 - 9
Education Week - October 20, 2021 - Calls to Ban Books by Black Authors Are Increasing Amid Critical Race Theory Debates
Education Week - October 20, 2021 - 11
Education Week - October 20, 2021 - Critical Race Theory Law Runs Into Legal Trouble in Arizona
Education Week - October 20, 2021 - 13
Education Week - October 20, 2021 - The Already Dire Substitute Shortage Could Get ‘Worse Before It Gets Better’
Education Week - October 20, 2021 - 15
Education Week - October 20, 2021 - With $102 Million in Grants, These Districts Plan to Train Principals With a Focus on Equity
Education Week - October 20, 2021 - Districts Are Leaning on Medical Advisers To Help With COVID Policies. It’s Paying Off
Education Week - October 20, 2021 - 18
Education Week - October 20, 2021 - 19
Education Week - October 20, 2021 - The Overdue Case for Competency-Based Education
Education Week - October 20, 2021 - Teacher Wellness Shouldn’t Be A Teacher’s Job
Education Week - October 20, 2021 - 22
Education Week - October 20, 2021 - EdWeek Top School Jobs
Education Week - October 20, 2021 - Toxic Positivity Has No Place in Schools
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