H2Tech - Q2 2021 - 37

BLUE HYDROGEN PRODUCTION
transportation of H2 might be an option
for these areas.
The major markets for blue H2 solutions with long-distance pipelines are
Europe, the U.S., Canada, Australia, the
Middle East, Japan, South Korea and, to
an extent, Southeast Asia. Some countries, like China, prefer to use coal as a
source for H2 production. In principle,
this is a viable option since coal is cheap,
but the CO2 emissions volume to be handled is about twice as great as for natural
gas. Furthermore, the cleanup prior to
gas reforming is extensive.
Based on 2020 reports1,2 by the International Energy Agency and Concawe, the
author's company has estimated the major
users of blue H2 solutions. The main market segments for blue H2 include:
* Direct use, ammonia and e-fuel
* Biofuel production
* H2 for carbon capture, storage
and utilization in industry.
Considering the uncertainties and
sustainability issues connected to e-fuel
and biomass, the estimates indicate a
need for the startup of a world-scale blue
H2 plant every two weeks, globally, from
2030. A world-scale blue H2 plant would
produce approximately 400,000 tpy of
H2. The need for CO2 storage would be
8 t-10 t of CO2/t of H2.
Reduction of CO2 emissions. Emis-

sions-free blue H2 may be used to efficiently produce clean fuels or to cut CO2
emissions from power generation, buildings and industry, as shown in FIG. 5.
Blue H2 may also be a competitive
pre-combustion alternative to postcombustion carbon capture from flue
gas (exhaust). By replacing natural gas
with low-cost, emissions-free blue H2 in
industrial processes, very competitive
CO2 abatement costs may be realized.
Also, the total CO2 emitted will be less
due to the high cost of capturing the last
fractions of CO2 from flue gas with the
use of amine, etc. (10%-20%).
LITERATURE CITED
1
International Energy Agency, " Energy technology
perspectives, " September 2020.
2
A. Soler, under supervision of M. Yugo,
" Role of e-fuels in the European transport
system-Literature review, " Concawe Low
Carbon Pathways Joint Group and Concawe
Fuels and Emissions Management Group,
January 2020, Online: https://www.concawe.eu/
wp-content/uploads/Rpt_19-14.pdf

TORKILD R. REINERTSEN is
Chairman and Market Lead for
Hydrogen at REINERTSEN New
Energy AS in Trondheim, Norway.
Dr. Reinertsen has been delivering
engineering and EPC projects to
oil and gas companies for 30 yr.
At REINERTSEN New Energy, he focuses on

solutions and technologies for clean and efficient
H2 production with carbon capture and storage.
He also specializes in complete value chains
for H2, H2 carriers and clean fuels. Additionally,
Dr. Reinertsen is the Founder of HYDROGEN
Mem-Tech, which has developed efficient palladium
membrane technology for the separation of H2
from gas mixtures.

Nitrogen
Emissions-free
H2 production

Clean
ammonia
production

Agriculture

NH3

H2
H2/LOHC

Natural gas

Marine Aviation
fuel
fuel

H2

Exi

stin

CO2

Fertilizer

ga

H2
nd

ne

Biofuel

ort

wp

ipe

CO2

lin

es
Reﬁnery

H2

Northern Lights
CCS project

E-fuel

exp

* Heating/buildings
* Power generation
* Industry
* Transportation

Other
chemical
industry

Iron and
steel
production

FIG. 5. H2 value chains.

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H2Tech | Q2 2021

37
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