H2Tech - Q4 2021 - 25

POWER AND UTILITIES
AWE and PEM cell stacks consume
power in the range of 3.8 kWh/Nm3
4.53 kWh/Nm3
, respectively.1
utilization of CO2
and
These two
technologies are dominating the market
over SOE.2
However, AEM water electrolysis
has several advantages that can
replace conventional noble metal electrocatalysts.
AEM electrolysis is still under
research and development at laboratory
scale and is not yet commercialized.
Several regions are developing green
energy initiatives focused on H2
, including
the U.S., Canada, Saudi Arabia, India,
Denmark, Austria, New Zealand, Australia,
Singapore, Germany, Chile, Spain,
China, Portugal and Japan.
Methane. The methanation process
is the conversion of carbon monoxide
(CO) or carbon dioxide (CO2
ane (CH4
) in the presence of H2
) to methat
the
catalyst surface (e.g., nickel or Cu-Zn)
through the hydrogenation reaction, as
shown in FIG. 2. Earlier, energy producers
presumed that the methanation process
was not economically feasible due
to the costs of H2
and CO2
capture and
purification. Today, however, two factors
are pushing the technology: (1) the
imposition of carbon taxes on carbon
emitters and (2) the need to reduce the
cost of low-carbon H2
. The methanation
process has been gaining attention for its
Renewable energy
Electrolysis
Air separation unit
FIG. 3. Process flow diagram for green ammonia production.
CO2
CH3Renewable
energy
Electrolysis
FIG. 4. An alternative route for methanol production from renewable sources.
Renewable
energy
Electrolysis
CO2
H2
F-T process
Inverse CO shift
Upgrading process
Hydrocracking, isomerization, distillation
FIG. 5. Process flow diagram for the production of synthetic hydrocarbon fuels from renewable sources.
H2Tech | Q4 2021 25
Syn. hydrocarbon fuels
H2
OH
Power to chemicals. Low-cost renewable
electricity can be stored as fuels,
chemicals and energy carriers. The best
example is ammonia as an energy carrier,
which is produced using H2
via renewable
energy.
Ammonia. Ammonia production involves
the catalytic reaction of H2
nitrogen (N2
) at high temperature and
pressure, which is based on the HaberBosch
(H-B) process. The natural gas
reforming process for H2
production is
the major energy consumer, accounting
for 75% of the total energy demand. The
balance 25% energy is consumed during
ammonia synthesis, gas compression and
ammonia separation. The H2
generation
process is also highly carbon emissionsintensive,
accounting for 90% of the total
process emissions. The only pathway to
achieve deep decarbonization is through
the use of green H2
.
Green ammonia refers to the process
of making ammonia using 100% renewable
and carbon-free resources, without
use of hydrocarbons, as shown in FIG. 3. A
typical green ammonia production unit
comprises three segments:
1. H2
generation and supply unit,
which includes H2
N2
H2
generation via
and
, which helps mitigate
some CO2 release into the atmosphere.
water electrolysis, storage and
handling, and its coproduct of O2
2. N2 generation and supply unit,
which includes N2
generation via
air separation unit, storage and
handling, and its coproduct of O2
3. NH3 production and storage,
which includes NH3
production
via H-B synthesis, storage
and handling.
A few projects are under construction
to produce green ammonia:
* A 4-GW green ammonia
plant is under development
in Saudi Arabia by NEOM,
Air Products and ACWA Power
* Australia has initiated the
H2U Eyre Peninsula Gateway
Hydrogen Project
* CF Industries Holdings has signed
an engineering and procurement
contract with thyssenkrupp
for the company's green
ammonia project at its plant in
Donaldsonville, Louisiana, U.S.
* Yara International ASA plans
to build a green H2
plant to
produce renewable ammonia
in Norway.
Further research and development are
required to reduce the cost and improve
the efficiencies of green ammonia
technologies.
Haber-Bosch
process
Green ammonia

H2Tech - Q4 2021

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of H2Tech - Q4 2021

Contents
H2Tech - Q4 2021 - Cover1
H2Tech - Q4 2021 - Cover2
H2Tech - Q4 2021 - Contents
H2Tech - Q4 2021 - 4
H2Tech - Q4 2021 - 5
H2Tech - Q4 2021 - 6
H2Tech - Q4 2021 - 7
H2Tech - Q4 2021 - 8
H2Tech - Q4 2021 - 9
H2Tech - Q4 2021 - 10
H2Tech - Q4 2021 - 11
H2Tech - Q4 2021 - 12
H2Tech - Q4 2021 - 13
H2Tech - Q4 2021 - 14
H2Tech - Q4 2021 - 15
H2Tech - Q4 2021 - 16
H2Tech - Q4 2021 - 17
H2Tech - Q4 2021 - 18
H2Tech - Q4 2021 - 19
H2Tech - Q4 2021 - 20
H2Tech - Q4 2021 - 21
H2Tech - Q4 2021 - 22
H2Tech - Q4 2021 - 23
H2Tech - Q4 2021 - 24
H2Tech - Q4 2021 - 25
H2Tech - Q4 2021 - 26
H2Tech - Q4 2021 - 27
H2Tech - Q4 2021 - 28
H2Tech - Q4 2021 - 29
H2Tech - Q4 2021 - 30
H2Tech - Q4 2021 - 31
H2Tech - Q4 2021 - 32
H2Tech - Q4 2021 - 33
H2Tech - Q4 2021 - 34
H2Tech - Q4 2021 - 35
H2Tech - Q4 2021 - 36
H2Tech - Q4 2021 - 37
H2Tech - Q4 2021 - 38
H2Tech - Q4 2021 - 39
H2Tech - Q4 2021 - 40
H2Tech - Q4 2021 - 41
H2Tech - Q4 2021 - 42
H2Tech - Q4 2021 - 43
H2Tech - Q4 2021 - 44
H2Tech - Q4 2021 - 45
H2Tech - Q4 2021 - 46
H2Tech - Q4 2021 - 47
H2Tech - Q4 2021 - 48
H2Tech - Q4 2021 - 48A
H2Tech - Q4 2021 - 48B
H2Tech - Q4 2021 - 49
H2Tech - Q4 2021 - 50
H2Tech - Q4 2021 - Cover3
H2Tech - Q4 2021 - Cover4
https://www.nxtbook.com/gulfenergyinfo/gulfpub/h2tech-market-data-2024
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/h2tech_q4_2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/h2tech_marketdata_2023
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/h2tech_q3_2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/h2tech_electrolyzerhandbook_2022_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/h2tech_q2_2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/h2tech_electrolyzerhandbook_2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/h2tech_q1_2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/h2tech_q4_2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/h2tech_q3_2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/h2tech_q2_2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/h2tech_q1_2021
https://www.nxtbookmedia.com