H2Tech - Q4 2021 - 41

INFRASTRUCTURE AND DISTRIBUTION
based
on
vacuum-insulated
spheres of 50,000-m3
storage
capacity, with martank
capacity
gin to allow for any delay in ship arrival.
At present, the largest LH2
is 4,000 m3
, located at NASA. Although
H2 has high energy density on a mass
basis (approximately 120 MJ/kg) compared
to other fuels, on a volume basis it
requires at least three times more volume
than other fuel gases (8 MJ/l vs. 20.8
MJ/l for LNG).17
temperature of -253°C, BOG generation
of 0.18 vol%/d is estimated; therefore,
LH2
and technology, resulting in costly tanks.
LH2
Kawasaki.8
es, with only one pilot ship with a capacity
of 1,250 m3
FIG. 9. LH2 block flow diagram with material balance.
Due to the low storage
storage requires advanced materials
transportation has few referencin
operation, developed by
However, LH2 carriers with a
capacity of 160,000 m3 (4 × 40,000 m3
spheres) are cited as being developed.18
As with storage, the low volumetric energy
density and high BOG (0.2 vol%/d)18
result in costly equipment. It is assumed
that the BOG is consumed by the ship's
engines for propulsion, as onboard reliquefaction
is unrealistic.
LH2
substantial flowrate has even fewer references
than the rest of the LH2
regasification (TABLE 8) at any
value
chain processes. At low flowrates, ambient
air vaporizers can be used, but it is
assumed at the capacity required for this
study that something similar to the SCVs
used for LNG regasification will be required.
For the purposes of this study,
power usage is assumed for the OPEX;
if natural gas is used, then this part of the
LH2
value chain would generate CO2
, so
it is assumed that this would be avoided
in practice. Future developments must
focus on recovering the substantial energy
available from the process.
The total specific value for the entire
value chain is $2,647/metric t H2
, split
between a CAPEX of $944/metric t H2
and an OPEX of $1,702/metric t H2
For the sensitivity case using optimis.
tic
CAPEX and OPEX targets expected in
the future after development of the technologies,
the total specific value for the
entire value chain is $2,257/metric t H2
,
split between a CAPEX of $804/metric t
H2
and an OPEX of $1,452/metric t H2
.
11
Part 3. The final part of this article will
consider the ammonia and methylcyclohexane
value chains, safety considerations
and the study conclusions.
10
Wood, " Hydrogen supply programme-novel
steam methane/gas heated reformer phase 1 final
study report, " 2020.
Al-Breiki, M. and Y. Bicer, " Comparative cost
assessment of sustainable energy carriers
produced from natural gas accounting for boil-off
gas and social cost of carbon, " Energy Reports, Vol.
6, Nov. 2020.
12 U.S. Department of Energy, Hydrogen and Fuel
FIG. 10. Simplified LH2
scheme.
NOTES
This article was presented at the GPA Europe
Virtual Conference on May 25, 2021.
The information and data contained herein
is provided by Wood, solely in respect of the
paper itself and should not be considered to have
consequence outside of this hypothetical study.
Wood makes no representation or warranty, express
or implied, and assumes no obligation or liability,
whatsoever, to any third party with respect to the
veracity, adequacy, completeness, accuracy or use of
any information contained herein. The information
and data contained herein is not, and should not
be construed as, a recommendation by Wood that
any recipient of this document invest in or provide
finance to any similar project. Each recipient should
make its own independent evaluation to determine
whether to extend credit to projects with which
they are involved.
LITERATURE CITED
13
Cell Technologies Office, " H2A hydrogen delivery
infrastructure analysis models and conventional
pathway options analysis results-Interim report "
March 7, 2014, online: https://www.energy.gov/
eere/fuelcells/downloads/h2a-hydrogen-deliveryinfrastructure-analysis-models-and-conventional
International
Energy Agency, " The future of
hydrogen: Seizing today's opportunities, " OECD,
Paris Cedex 16, 2019, online: https://doi.
org/10.1787/1e0514c4-en
Complete literature cited available online at
www.H2-Tech.com.
NICOLA CHODOROWSKA
is a Managing Consultant in the
specialist engineering and
consulting group at Wood in
Reading, UK. She holds a BEng
degree in chemical engineering
and is a Fellow of the Institution of
Chemical Engineers.
MARYAM FARHADI is a Process
Engineer in process engineering and
capital projects at Wood in Reading,
UK. She holds an MSc degree in
process systems engineering from
the University of Surrey.
H2Tech | Q4 2021 41

https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/downloads/h2a-hydrogen-deliveryinfrastructure-analysis-models-and-conventional https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/downloads/h2a-hydrogen-deliveryinfrastructure-analysis-models-and-conventional https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/downloads/h2a-hydrogen-deliveryinfrastructure-analysis-models-and-conventional https://doi.org/10.1787/1e0514c4-en https://doi.org/10.1787/1e0514c4-en http://www.H2-Tech.com

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