H2Tech - Q4 2021 - 48

HYDROGEN STORAGE
NOTE
This paper was first presented on May 19, 2021, at H2Tech's H2
virtual conference.
LITERATURE CITED
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11
12
Carmo, M., D. L. Frit, J. Mergel and D. Stolten, " A comprehensive review on PEM
water electrolysis, " International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 38, 2013.
Schmidt, et. al, " Future cost and performance of electrolysis: An expert elicitation
study, " International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 42, 2017.
Mayyas, A., M. Ruth, B. Pivovar, G. Bender and K. Wipke, " Manufacturing cost
analysis for proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers, " National Renewable
Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado, 2018.
13
Morgan, E. R., J. F. Manwell and J. G. McGowan, " Opportunities for economies
of scale with alkaline electrolyzers, " International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol.
38, 2013.
14
15
Thema, M., F. Bauer and M. Sterner, " Power-to-gas: Electrolysis and methanation
status review, " Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 112, 2019.
Götz, M., J. Lefebvre, F. Mörs, A. McDaniel, M. Koch, F. Graf, S. Bajohr, R.
Reimert and T. Kolb, " Renewable power-to-gas: A technological and economic
review, " Renewable Energy, Vol. 85, 2016.
16
FIG. 10. Global distribution of geologic salt deposits.34
17
Microbial facilitated reaction of H2
metabolize molecular H2
ate methane.30
bacteria and H2
and minerals may gener " Hydrogenotrophs, "
organisms that are able to
, include sulfate- and iron-reducing
-oxidizing bacteria. Microbial conversion of H2
can be significant under storage conditions. Šmigán and others31
compared the composition of injected and withdrawn gas from
a " town gas " (54% H2
) single-cycle aquifer storage facility in an
content decreased by 23% and methand
CO2
to methane or H2
anticline near Lobodice, Czech Republic. Within a 7-mos injection/withdrawal
cycle, H2
ane content increased by 18.2%.
Isotope data indicated that the increased methane was the
result of bacterial conversion of H2
rate of microbial conversion of H2
tion of the availability of sulfate, CO2
storage time.32
to methane. The
S is a func,
temperature, pressure and
cavern sump after de-brining, which can contain bacteria.16
ban17
within 2 yr, microbial-sourced H2
found that H2
Salt caverns commonly have residual brine in the
Lamodeled
microbial activity in salt caverns and found that
S contamination of H2
would
require a gas treatment before use as a turbine fuel. Hemme and
van Berk33
S formation from anhydrite can be mitigated
by adding dissolved ferrous iron to the solution mining
brine and/or sump fluid. As a result, bactericide treatment may
be required during solution mining operations and/or procedures
implemented to mitigate the introduction of bacteria into
a storage cavern during operations.
Takeaway. H2
energy storage supports global and regional power
markets by providing resource assurance during weather-driven
events. It also matches intermittent generation with variable demand
by providing dispatchable generation with little or no GHG
emissions, using conventional and readily available technologies
that can be variably configured to meet market requirements.
Since salt caverns are the only technology, at present, that
can store utility-scale volumes of H2
, locating such facilities is
limited to areas where suitable salt caverns can be constructed
(FIG. 10). Although additional characterization of design considerations
is required in cavern design and construction, due to
H2
's unique chemical, physical and biochemical properties, HES
utilizing salt cavern storage is a viable solution for balancing H2
supply and demand and providing dispatchable power resource
assurance in major markets around the world.
48 Q4 2021 | H2-Tech.com
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23
18
19
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Panfilov, M., " Chapter 4: Underground and pipeline hydrogen storage, " in
Compendium of Hydrogen Energy, 2016, online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B9781-78242-362-1.00004-3
Laban,
P. M., " Hydrogen storage in salt caverns: Chemical modelling and analysis
of large-scale hydrogen storage in underground salt caverns, " MS Thesis, Delft
University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, 2020.
Carden, P. and L. Paterson, " Physical, chemical and energy aspects of
underground hydrogen storage, " International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,
Vol. 4, 1979.
Foh, S., M. Novil, E. Rockar and P. Randolph, " Underground hydrogen storage-
Final report, " Institute of Gas Technology, Chicago, Illinois, December 1979.
Flesch, S. and D. Pudlo, " Hydrogen underground storage-Potential reservoir
effects investigated with high-resolution computer tomography, " European
Hydrogen Energy Conference, Costa del Sol, Spain, March 15-16, 2018.
21
Henkel, S., D. Pudlo, L. Werner, F. Enzmann, V. Reitenbach, D. Albrecht,
H. Wurdemann, K. Heister, L. Ganzer and R. Gaupp, " Mineral reactions in the
geological underground induced by H2
and CO2 injections, " Energy Procedia,
Vol. 63, 2014.
22
Henkel, S., D. Pudlo and C. Heubeck, " Laboratory experiments for safe
underground hydrogen/energy storage in depleted natural gas reservoirs, "
Near Surface Geoscience Conference and Exhibition, Malmo, Sweden,
September 3-7, 2017.
Yetka, A. E., M. Pichavant and P. Audigane, " Evaluation of geochemical
reactivity of hydrogen in sandstone: Application to geological storage, " Applied
Geochemistry, Vol. 95, 2018.
Heinemann, N., J. Alcalde, J. M. Miocic, S. T. Hangx, J. Kallmeyer, C. OstertagHenning,
A. Hassanpouryouzband, E. M. Thaysen, G. J. Strobel, C. SchmidtHattenberger,
K. Edlmann, M. Wilkinson, M. Bentham, R. S. Haszeldine, R.
Carbonell and A. Rudloff, " Enabling large-scale hydrogen storage in porous
media-The scientific challenges, " Energy Environmental Sciences, Vol. 14, 2021.
Complete literature cited available online at www.HydrocarbonProcessing.com.
L. JAY EVANS, JR. has 40 yr of experience in the oil and gas
industry, with extensive experience in oil and gas reserve/reservoir
engineering and acquisitions, drilling and production operations,
midstream project development and construction. He also has
significant background in project management, engineering
design and technical advisory on numerous gas storage and gas
cycling projects, conventional and unconventional oil and gas field
development projects, gas reservoir and salt cavern storage projects, and
construction of gathering and transmission pipelines with associated compression,
processing and treating facilities. He is the author of numerous industry technical
papers and presentations. He has worked for companies including MD America
Energy, Kinder Morgan, Swift Energy, Unocal (Chevron), Tenaska, TransCanada, KN
Energy, American Oil & Gas, Gulf Energy, ENSERCH, Air Liquide, Niska Partners,
Freeport LNG, AGL Resources, ENSTOR (Iberdrola), RB International Finance,
Dominion Transmission, ENSTAR, Arizona Public Service, King Operating, H2B2 and
many others. He holds a BS degree in petroleum engineering from the University of
Texas at Austin and is a Registered Professional Engineer in Texas.
TOM SHAW is President of LK Energy in Houston, Texas.
Dr. Shaw has more than 30 yr of experience in energy project
development, including oil and gas production, natural gas
storage, power transmission and other infrastructure. LK Energy
has been evaluating the feasibility of integrated hydrogen
electrolysis, storage and power generation since 2012.
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