HP March 2022 eBook—Energy Transition - 115

BLUE HYDROGEN PRODUCTION
large CO2
Recently, Norway decided to build a
storage facility, referred to as
the " Northern Lights " project (FIG. 3).
CO2
captured from industry and blue H2
production facilities in Norway and other
European countries will be transported
by ship or pipeline to a CO2
the coast of Norway. From the terminal,
the CO2
Transportation of H2
terminal on
will be piped offshore and then
injected into a subsea reservoir. The ini.
A major challenge
for the market penetration of H2
is the high cost for distribution and storage.
Compressed and liquified H2
tained in tanks is not very cost-efficient
due to the low density of H2
TABLE 1. Estimated costs of large-scale, competitive blue H2
and transportation
Cost item
H2 production cost (including CO2
CO2 transport and storage cost
Total production cost
capture)a
production
Estimated cost
€1.2/kg of H2
Hydrogen transportation from Norway to Germany/the Netherlands
Total production and transportation costb
a Natural gas price assumption: €0.12/sm3
b Net cost, excluding financing cost, contingency cost, etc.
€0.3-€0.5/kg of H2
€1.5-€1.7/kg of H2
€0.08/kg of H2
€1.7/kg of H2
. Decentralcontial
investment and operation costs for
the Northern Lights project are estimated
at €2.5 B.
ized, small- and medium-scale production
of green H2
might be advantageous
in such cases.
However, centralized, large-scale, blue
H2
production and transportation in
large-diameter pipelines is very cost-efficient.
As an example, the author's company
has studied the production of blue
H2
Norwegian natural gas. The study examined
whether the H2
in Norway close to CO2
storage and then
transported in existing or new gas pipelines,
or if the H2
alternatives are illustrated in FIG. 4.
The option on the left in FIG. 4 shows
an existing pipeline, Zeepipe 2B/Europipe
1 (40 in., 924 km), redesigned from natural
gas to H2
service. The middle option
pipeline to transport 3.5 MMtreturn
line (34 in.,
shows the construction of a new, 42-in.,
800-km H2
py of H2
a large-scale H2
. The option on the right assumes
plant based on Norwegian
gas, placed in the Netherlands or Germany,
along with a CO2
800 km) to a Norwegian storage facility.
Estimated costs for the three alternatives
show that the cost of transporting
large volumes of H2
low for all cases, at less than €0.08/kg
H2
pipeFIG.
3. Northern Lights CO2
-capture project details. Source: Equinor.
Existing gas pipeline (40 in., 924 km)
converted to H2 service
Kollsnes
Zeepipe 2B
Draupner
Europipe 1
Dorsum
€0.05/kg of H2
New H2 pipeline (42 in., 800 km)
to transport 3.5 MMtpy of H2
Kollsnes
Kårstø
Potential branch
line 10-16-in.
New H2
pipeline
40-42-in.
Dorsum
€0.07/kg of H2
FIG. 4. Example costs of gas pipelines for efficient H2
transportation.
H2Tech | Q2 2021 | H2-Tech.com
Grenland
Tee station
Gothenburg
Norwegian
gas to EU
Dorsum
€0.10/kg of H2
34-in. CO2 pipeline
New pipeline (34 in., 800 km)
for CO2 return to Norway
CO2 storage
line design that allows the use of existing
subsea pipelines with a minor reduction
of design pressure. The author's company
carried out the original design of the
Zeepipe 2B gas pipeline and used this
knowledge to theoretically redesign the
subsea pipelines for high H2
pressure and
flow. Other European studies indicate
approximately the same potential for H2
distribution networks.
The total production and transportation
cost for Norwegian blue H2
. Estimates for the pipeline transportation
cost are based on a novel H2
to the EU is very
production plant should
be located close to the market and the
CO2
returned to a storage facility. Three
for the European market, based on
should be produced
to Europe
is estimated at approximately €1.7/kg of
H2
. Although some costs (financing costs,
contingency costs, etc.) are not factored,
the estimated result promises a competitive,
clean energy solution for the energy
transition in Europe and elsewhere.
Major markets for blue H2
markets for blue H2
. Future
solutions are regions
with access to natural gas and geology for
CO2
storage. Other regions that presentin
the future. Long-distance pipeline
ly import fossil energy may be importing
H2
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