HP March 2022 eBook—Energy Transition - 139

INFRASTRUCTURE AND DISTRIBUTION
Purification
Compressor and integration
High-pressure storage and integration
Cooling system
Dispenser and control
FIG. 13. H2 production to dispensing cycle.
FIG. 14. Cost component split in the
dispensing cycle.
at the upstream process. The gaseous H2
is
stored at 500 barg-900 barg in Type 1 storage.
The storage is divided into high-pressure,
medium-pressure and low-pressure
storage and filled through a priority panel.
In the electrolyzer, the renewable electricity
source is intermittent for 4 hr/d-6 hr/d,
which leads to a larger storage requirement
compared to the SMR and biomass routes,
which are continuous processes.
Dispenser and precooling unit. H2
is
dispensed into the vehicle at 350 barg or
700 barg. The dispenser is connected with
storage through a sequencing program
and equipped with a precooling unit. The precooling unit cools
the H2
before it is filled into the vehicle, as H2
FIG. 15. Integration of three H2
production routes.
tends to heat up
when expended due to the reverse Joule-Thomson effect. The
precooling requirement depends on the ambient condition and
residual pressure in the vehicle tank. The dispensing rate varies
from 1.8 kg/min-3.6 kg/min, depending on the vehicle type.
If the H2
production cost is $2/kg, then 90% of the additional
cost is due to compression, storage and dispending (CSD) operating
cost, and 75% of the additional cost is because of investment,
which makes the final cost $5.5/kg. The investment cost
of purification with CSD (PCSD) is $12,500/tpy with PSA and
$8,500/tpy without PSA. The cost contribution of each component
in the dispensing cycle is depicted in FIG. 14.
The final H2
production routes is shown in TABLE 4. Gray and blue H2
cheapest ways to produce fuel H2
fuel price at the consumer level for different H2
are the
with the least investment. The
production scale makes a significant difference for SMR-i.e.,
as the scale becomes more prominent, the costs decrease faster.
Green H2
requires the most investment and is the costliest to
prices are in the medium range, but they must
is costly to transport
transproduce
due to low efficiency and intermittent renewable electricity.
Red H2
overcome high feedstock costs and require a sincere effort for
commercialization that will automatically reduce investment.
Onsite generation vs. transport. H2
due to its low density. H2 is transported in gaseous form (200
barg-500 barg) and liquid form. It is estimated that H2
ported at 200 barg in gaseous form adds $1.5/kg-$2/kg or
more to the H2
cost-e.g., moving H2 over 1,000 km in a truck
TABLE 4. Price of H2
and dispensing
with purification, compression, storage
Cost of production $/kg
Investment
H2 fuel price
Gray and blue H2
3.7-4.3
$1,000/tpy
$/kg
13-28
5.4-6.7
Red H2
5.1-5.4
20-22
7.7-7.9
Green H2
6-8
20-60
10-12
Notes: The CAPEX and price vary considering electrolyzer cost variation with size and
renewable electricity price. Typical price and investment and actual price and investment
depend on many factors including feedstock price, geographical location, scale of production,
utility cost, etc. This case study was completed for the geographical location of India.
costs approximately $3.5/kg H2
.2
The transport of H2
sults in an energy loss of 10%-12% of the H2
it is cheaper and easier to produce and use H2
tegrating all three H2
also remuch
research is ongoing for the cost-effective transport of H2
Integration of H2
diagram for integration is depicted in FIG. 15.
The electrolyzer process produces O2
process, the captured CO2
captured CO2
the biomass oxy-steam gasification process requires O2
blue H2
can be combined with the H2
itself. In general,
onsite; however,
.
production routes. The possibility of inproduction
processes is being explored. A
as a byproduct, and
. In the
must be stored or used. This
from the electrolyzer
to produce chemicals. The SMR process produces excess
steam, which can be utilized for biomass gasification. In these
ways, the processes are shown to be mutually beneficial when
integrated with one another.
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HP March 2022 eBook—Energy Transition

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