Hydrocarbon Processing - October 2021 - GP-7
REGIONAL FOCUS
Balancing Africa's world-class LNG projects
and the environment
S. OIRERE, Contributing Writer, Nairobi, Kenya
The construction of world-scale
natural gas processing plants by three of
Africa's top natural gas producers has attracted
scrutiny, despite efforts to commercialize
the continent's hydrocarbon
resources and expand energy supply on
the continent. This scrutiny has centered
on how the project developers intend to
achieve the overall goal of monetizing
regional gas reserves while ensuring environmental
sustainability.
The latest LNG projects in Mozambique,
Angola and Nigeria, which are at
various phases of implementation, have
been forced to address adverse impacts
such as liquid effluents, airborne noise,
solid wastes, gas emissions, and even encroaching
on land already settled or earmarked
for settlement or other environmentally
safer activities.
Multibillion-dollar
gas
projects include Mozambique LNG,
Coral FLNG and Rovuma LNG (all in
Mozambique), Angola LNG near Soyo in
Angola, and Nigeria LNG Ltd.'s Train 7.
Project challenges in Mozambique.
Mozambique LNG is operated by Total
E&P Mozambique Area 1 Ltd., a wholly
owned subsidiary of Total SA, with a
26.5% participating interest. Other partners
include ENH Rovuma Area Um S.A.
(15%), Mitsui E&P Mozambique Area
1 Ltd. (20%), ONGC Videsh Rovuma
Ltd. (10%), Beas Rovuma Energy Mozambique
Ltd. (10%), BPRL Ventures
Mozambique BV (10%) and PTTEP Mozambique
Area 1 Ltd. (8.5%).
Total, which had completed an estimated
$16 B in funding for the Mozambique
LNG project by July 2020, declared
a force majeure on the project in April
2021 and withdrew all of its Mozambique
LNG project staff from the Afungi site,
after the security situation in the Cabo
Delgado province deteriorated due to repeated
insurgent attacks.
Meanwhile, the Coral FLNG project
(FIG. 1) being developed by Eni and ExxonMobil
involves producing and selling
gas from the southern part of the Coral
field, using a floating plant for liquefying
natural gas with a capacity of 3.4 metric
MMt, linked to six subsea gas producing
wells. The vessel is set to depart the shipyard
at the end of 2021, with production
startup targeted for 2022.
Elsewhere, the 15.2-metric-MMtpy
Rovuma LNG export project is earmarked
for development to liquefy and market
gas resources from three reservoirs in the
Area 4 block of the Rovuma Basin offshore
Mozambique. The project is owned
by Mozambique Rovuma Venture, a JV of
ExxonMobil, Eni and CNPC (70%), Galp
(10%), KOGAS (10%) and Empresa Nacional
de Hidrocarbonetos (10%).
processing
Developments in Angola, Nigeria. In
neighboring Angola, Chevron and Angola's
national oil company, Sonangol, are
the co-leaders in the 5-MMtpy Angola
LNG project west of Soyo. Other partners
include Total, Eni and BP.
In West Africa, government-owned Nigerian
National Petroleum Corp. (NNPC)
has partnered with Eni, Total and Royal
Dutch Shell to form the Nigeria LNG Ltd.
consortium that is developing Train 7 of
the Nigeria LNG terminal. With a capacity
of 7.4 metric MMtpy, Train 7 will increase
by 30% Nigeria's total LNG output.
For Nigeria, one of the seven countries
with the highest gas flaring rates in the
world, the Train 7 project would enable
utilization of associated gas that is co-produced
with oil in the Niger Delta, but is
largely flared to the atmosphere. However,
according to the Train 7 Project Manager,
Tony Attah, the construction of Train 7
will still increase the Nigeria LNG terminal's
overall greenhouse emissions.
The Train 7 project is located in Nigeria's
Bonny Island, where Attah says
Environmental and social impacts.
According to the World Bank, the ideal
size for a gas processing plant to support
reduction of flared gas is 0.3 MMsft3
d. An estimated 400 MMtpy
e/yr),
d-
25 MMsft3
of CO2-equivalent emissions (CO2
including un-combusted methane and
black carbon, are flared.
However, the LNG projects underway
in Mozambique, Angola and Nigeria are
world-scale, as opposed to the small-scale
projects that the World Bank recommends
for monetization of flared gas. Larger LNG
projects, especially those in Mozambique,
have been under scrutiny for their potential
to adversely alter the sustainability of
the environment or ecosystems where
they are located, in addition to impoverishing
communities around project sites.
For example, ExxonMobil says the Rovuma
LNG project-which is expected
to emit approximately 2.4 MMt of CO2
e/
yr-has been classified as Category A because
it has the potential for significant
environmental and social impacts on the
offshore and nearshore marine environGas
Processing & LNG | SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2021 7
FIG. 1. Eni and ExxonMobil's 3.4-metric-MMt
Coral South FLNG vessel is set to commence
production in 2022. Photo credit: Eni.
that " ...climate change is materializing,
increasing air emissions [that] threaten
the ambient air quality, and [where] noise
levels in urban areas approach the limits
of acceptability. " Attah noted that investments
in energy-efficiency improvements,
dry-low NOX
technology and noise abatement
are foreseen for the Train 7 project.
Hydrocarbon Processing - October 2021
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Hydrocarbon Processing - October 2021
Contents
Hydrocarbon Processing - October 2021 - Cover1
Hydrocarbon Processing - October 2021 - Cover2
Hydrocarbon Processing - October 2021 - Contents
Hydrocarbon Processing - October 2021 - 4
Hydrocarbon Processing - October 2021 - 5
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Hydrocarbon Processing - October 2021 - Cover3
Hydrocarbon Processing - October 2021 - Cover4
Hydrocarbon Processing - October 2021 - GP-1
Hydrocarbon Processing - October 2021 - GP-2
Hydrocarbon Processing - October 2021 - GP-3
Hydrocarbon Processing - October 2021 - GP-4
Hydrocarbon Processing - October 2021 - GP-5
Hydrocarbon Processing - October 2021 - GP-6
Hydrocarbon Processing - October 2021 - GP-7
Hydrocarbon Processing - October 2021 - GP-8
Hydrocarbon Processing - October 2021 - GP-9
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Hydrocarbon Processing - October 2021 - GP-20
Hydrocarbon Processing - October 2021 - GP-21
Hydrocarbon Processing - October 2021 - GP-22
Hydrocarbon Processing - October 2021 - GP-23
Hydrocarbon Processing - October 2021 - GP-24
Hydrocarbon Processing - October 2021 - GP-25
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Hydrocarbon Processing - October 2021 - GP-27
Hydrocarbon Processing - October 2021 - GP-28
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Hydrocarbon Processing - October 2021 - GP-31
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Hydrocarbon Processing - October 2021 - GP-34
Hydrocarbon Processing - October 2021 - GP-35
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