Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 47

100th Anniversary
History of the HPI
LEE NICHOLS, Editor-in-Chief/Associate Publisher
Up to the 1930s: Whales, lamps, automobiles,
plastics and war
Over the next 10 mos, Hydrocarbon
Processing will provide a detailed history
of the origins and evolution of the hydrocarbon
processing industry (HPI). This
robust analysis will chronicle the beginnings
of the modern refining and petrochemical
industries through the technological
advancements that have created
the global energy juggernaut the industry
has become today. This examination of
the history of the HPI will dictate how
human ingenuity has provided the products
that have increased the standard of
living for billions of people around the
world, as well as a reflection on technological
advancements over the past 170 yr.
The discovery of kerosene. Everything
has a beginning. From the construction
of roads, buildings and ship
assembly to use in medicines and weaponry,
ancient civilizations have been using
oil for thousands of years. However,
the modern refining industry traces its
origins back nearly 170 yr, with the invention
of kerosene by Canadian physician
and geologist Abraham Gesner and
the construction of new refining facilities
to produce the high-demand product.
In the early 1840s, Gessner began experimenting
with hydrocarbons, specifically
bitumen from Trinidad. From these
experiments, he developed a process
to extract oil, which could be burned.1
However, the bitumen product was expensive
to obtain and the burning of it
produced a horrendous odor. Therefore,
he started experimenting with a
tpye of asphalt called albertite. Gessner
noticed that the oil that was extracted-
the process was done by heating coal in
a retort2
-burned with a strong yellow
flame with no odor. He termed the product
" keroselaion " from the Greek words
" wax oil. " He later shortened the name to
kerosene. Little did Gesner know that his
discovery was soon to usurp whale oil in
the burning of lamps and begin an international
movement.
Whales, lamps and refineries.
Through the late 1800s/early 1900s,
whale oil was used extensively as a fuel
for lighting. The oil, which is more of a
liquid wax, was obtained from the blubber
from the head of whales. The oil was
processed and sold as a fuel for lamps,
lubrication, making soap or to produce
candles. Although highly dangerous, the
whaling industry grew significantly as
consumer demand for oil to fuel lighting
expanded exponentially.
The whaling industry peaked in the
1820s and declined over the next several
decades. Decreasing whale populations
and taxation led to higher prices
for whale oil, which could not compete
against other options, such as kerosene.
Consumers' pocketbooks dictated the
pathway to the adoption of a cheaper and
comparable alternative, ushering in a new
era of refined products.
Several years after Gesner's discovery
of kerosene, Samuel Kier began his
own experimentation on petroleum that
would seep into his family's salt wells
near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (U.S.)-
at the time, this substance was known
as " carbon oil. " Although the substance
could be burned for lighting, much like
Gesner's experiments with bitumen from
Trinidad, the unrefined material had an
unpleasant odor. Instead, Kier used the
material for medicinal purposes until it
lost its appeal in the early 1850s.
To find another path for the oily substance,
Kier experimented with using the
substance for lighting. On the recommendation
of James Booth, a chemist
and professor from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
(U.S.), Kier used distillation to
extract the best materials for the use of
lamp burning fuel. In 1851, Kier began
selling his lamp fuel oil for $1.50/gal, a
more cost-effective product than whale
oil.3
As demand grew, Kier established
North America's first oil refinery in 1853,
which processed 1 bpd-2 bpd of liquid
petroleum in its first year, growing to
5 bpd in 1854 (FIG. 1). In 1859, Edwin
Drake drilled the first commercial oil well
in North America in Titusville, Pennsylvania.
After trial-and-error, he discovered
oil at a depth of nearly 70 ft. Soon, his
commercial well produced 25 bpd. The
oil was destined to be sold to a local refiner
to produce kerosene for lamp fuel.
His first customer: Samuel Kier.
Nearly
4,300
mi
away,
Łukasiewicz started to produce kerosene
in the early- to mid-1850s, as well. After
experimenting with different oils extracted
by wells drilled near Bóbrka, Poland
and other sites he set up with local business
entities, Łukasiewicz opened Europe's
first oil distillery in 1856 in Jaslo.
The refinery was established to produce
kerosene for lamp lighting. Shortly thereafter,
a larger scale refinery was built in
Ploieşti, Poland by brothers Teodor and
Marin Mehedinţeanu.4
The Râfov refinery
used cylindrical iron and cast iron
vessels, which were heated by wood fire,
to produce 7 tpd of distilled oil.5
The oil
was ultimately used as lamp lighting fuel,
leading Ploieşti to become the first city to
be lighted by distilled crude oil.5
In the 1860s, John D. Rockefeller established
and increased the size, wealth
and power of Standard Oil Company,
which produced and shipped kerosene,
eventually becoming a monopoly within
the U.S.-the company was eventually
split into several entities that would
lead to the creation of Amoco, Chevron,
Hydrocarbon Processing | JANUARY 2022 47
Ignacy

Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022

Contents
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - Cover1
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - Cover2
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - Contents
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 4
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 5
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 6
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 7
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 8
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 9
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 10
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 11
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 12
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 13
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 14
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 15
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 16
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 17
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 18
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 19
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 20
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 21
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 22
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 23
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 24
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 25
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 26
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 27
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 28
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 29
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 30
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 31
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 32
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 33
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 34
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 35
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 36
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 37
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 38
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 39
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 40
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 41
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 42
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 43
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 44
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 45
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 46
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 47
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Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 49
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 50
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 51
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Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 53
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 54
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 55
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 56
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 57
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 58
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 59
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 60
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 61
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 62
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 63
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Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 65
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 66
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Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 69
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 70
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Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 79
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 80
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 81
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 81A
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 81B
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 82
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - Cover3
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - Cover4
https://www.nxtbook.com/gulfenergyinfo/gulfpub/HPI-Market-Data-2023-v3
https://www.nxtbook.com/gulfenergyinfo/gulfpub/hpi-market-data-2024-v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/gulfenergyinfo/gulfpub/hpi-market-data-2024
https://www.nxtbook.com/gulfenergyinfo/gulfpub/gas-processes-handbook-2022_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/gulfenergyinfo/gulfpub/gas-processes-handbook-2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/gulfenergyinfo/gulfpub/hp_202212
https://www.nxtbook.com/gulfenergyinfo/gulfpub/hpi-market-data-2023-v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/gulfenergyinfo/gulfpub/hpi-market-data-2023
https://www.nxtbook.com/gulfenergyinfo/gulfpub/hp_202211
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202210
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202209
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202208
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202207_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202207
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202206_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202206
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202205_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202205
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202204_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202204
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_032022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202203
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202202
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202201
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202112
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202111
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202110
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hpimarket_2022_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hpimarket_2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202109
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202108
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/petrochemical_processes_handbook_2021_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/petrochemical_processes_handbook_2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202107
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202106
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202105
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202104
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_ebooks
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202103
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202102
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202101
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/catalyst_handbook_2020_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/catalyst_handbook_2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202012
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202011
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202010
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hpimarket_2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202009
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202008
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/refining_processes_handbook_2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/refining_processes_handbook_2020_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202007
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202006
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202005
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202004
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202003
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202002
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202001
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201912
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201911
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hpimarket_2020_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hpimarket_2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201910
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201909
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201908
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201907
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201906
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201905
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201904
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201903
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201902
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201901
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/petrochemical_2018_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/petrochemical_2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201812
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hpimarket_2019_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hpimarket_2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201811
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201810
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201809
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201808
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201807
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201806
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201805
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201804
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201803
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201802
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201801
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201712
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201711
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201710
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201709
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201708
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201707
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201706
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201705
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201704
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201703
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201702
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201701
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_2017mediaplanner
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201612
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201611
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201610
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201609
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201608
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201607
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201606
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201605
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201604
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201603
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201602
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201601
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201512
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201511
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201510
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_2016mediaplanner
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201509
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201508
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201507
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_2015tmsd
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201506
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201505
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201504
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201503
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201502
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201501
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201412
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201411
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_2015mediaplanner
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201410
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201409
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201408
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201407
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_2014petrochemicalprocesses_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_2014petrochemicalprocesses
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201406
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https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201312
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https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201311
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https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201308
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_srsguide2013
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201307
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https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201203
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201202
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201201
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201112
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201111
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201110
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201109
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201108
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201107_srsguide
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https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201106
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https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201001
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_200912
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_200911
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_200910
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_200909
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_200908
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_200907
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_200906
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_200905
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