Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 61

100th Anniversary
Industry Pioneers
LEE NICHOLS, Editor-in-Chief/Associate Publisher
Industry Pioneers: Up to the 1930s
CARL VON LINDE
Carl von Linde was a German scientist
and engineer who pioneered new technologies
in refrigeration and the invention
of air separation and gas liquefaction
processes. In the 1870s, Linde's
studies led to an efficient design for refrigeration.
The first iteration used
methyl ether, which was later switched
to ammonia. Towards the end of the
1870s, Linde and five partners established
the Gesellschaft fur Linde's Eismaschinen (Linde's Ice
Machine Co.) in Wiesbaden, Germany. The novel refrigeration
device was of extreme importance, especially to the beer
brewing industry, as well as the meat industry and cold storage
facilities. These inventions quickly replaced ice in many industries,
especially in food handling.
In the early 1890s, Linde research shifted to low-temperature
refrigeration and the liquefaction of air. This included the
technique of obtaining pure oxygen and nitrogen by fractional
distillation of liquefied air. In 1895, he successfully liquefied
air by compressing it and then letting it expand rapidly, which
cooled it. This enabled him to obtain oxygen and nitrogen
from the liquified air by slow warming.1
Several years later, he
These
invented a method for separating pure liquid oxygen from liquid
air, which provided oxygen to various industries.2
discoveries led to the creation of Linde Air Products in the
U.S. in 1907, which later became part of the Union Carbide
company at the beginning of World War I.3
ABRAHAM GESNER
The Canadian geologist and physician,
Abraham Gesner, is credited with the
invention of kerosene.
In the mid1830s,
he worked as a provincial geologist
in New Brunswick, Canada, examining
coal in the province. In the 1840s,
he began experimenting with hydrocarbons,
especially bitumen from Trinidad.
From these experiments, he developed
a process to extract oil, which
could be burned. However, the bitumen product was expensive
to obtain and the burning of it produced a horrendous
odor. Therefore, he started experimenting with a type of asphalt
called albertite. Gessner noticed that the oil that was extracted-the
process was done by heating coal in a retort4
-
burned with a strong yellow flame with no odor.
In 1854, Gesner obtained three U.S. patents for his kerosene
fuel and set up the North American Kerosene Gas Light
Co. on Long Island, New York (U.S.). The company prospered
and kerosene began to be the go-to fuel for lamp lighting,
replacing whale oil.
SAMUEL KIER
Samuel Kier was an American inventor
and is thought of as the founder of the
American refining industry.
Several
years after Gesner's discovery of kerosene,
Samuel Kier began his own experimentation
on petroleum that would
seep into his family's salt wells near
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (U.S.)-at
the time, this substance was known as
" carbon oil. " Although the substance
could be burned for lighting, much like Gesner's experiments
with bitumen from Trinidad, the unrefined material had an
unpleasant odor. Instead, Kier used the material for medicinal
purposes until it lost its appeal in the early 1850s.
To find another path for the oily substance, Kier experimented
with using the substance for lighting. On the recommendation
of James Booth, a chemist and professor from Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania (U.S.), Kier used distillation to extract
the best materials for the use of lamp burning fuel. In 1851, Kier
began selling his lamp fuel oil for $1.50/gal, a more cost-effective
product than whale oil. As demand grew, Kier established
North America's first oil refinery in 1853, which processed 1
bpd-2 bpd of liquid petroleum in its first year, growing to 5 bpd
in 1854. The effects of Kier's refinery not only led Pittsburgh to
become the first U.S. city to be illuminated by petroleum, but
also led to the start of the country's refining industry.
MARCUS SAMUEL, SAMUEL SAMUEL
In 1870s, the Samuel
brothers inherited their
father's import-export
business. At the time,
their father (Marcus Samuel)
built
a
prosperous
business
of importing
shells from the Far East to
Hydrocarbon Processing | JANUARY 2022 61

Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022

Contents
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - Cover1
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - Cover2
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - Contents
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 4
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 5
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 6
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 7
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 8
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 9
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 10
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 11
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 12
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Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 14
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 15
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 16
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Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 18
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 19
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 20
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 21
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 22
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 23
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 24
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 25
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 26
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 27
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 28
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 29
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 30
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 31
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Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 33
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 34
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 35
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 36
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 37
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Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 40
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 41
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 42
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 43
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Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 45
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 46
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Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 81
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 81A
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 81B
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 82
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - Cover3
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - Cover4
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