Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 62
Industry Pioneers
be used in interior design.
Around 1880, the Samuel brothers expanded their father's
business to include exporting oil around the world. However,
a challenge at the time was oil containers and space on a marine
vessel. Oil barrels were prone to leak and took up a lot
of space on oceangoing vessels. To overcome this challenge,
they commissioned a fleet of steamers to carry the oil in bulk.5
Just as the brothers were revolutionizing crude oil trade, they
began to include shipping kerosene to demand centers around
the world. In 1896, the brothers renamed the company Shell
Transport and Trading Co.
By the late 1890s, business was booming, and the the company
established its first refinery in Balikpapan, Indonesia in
1897 (known as Dutch Borneo at the time). In 1901, Shell
Transport and Trading Co. merged with a smaller competitor-Royal
Dutch-that had set up a sales organization in
Asia. The company took the name the Royal Dutch Shell
Group. The company's operations-drilling, exploration and
refining-expanded rapidly to various parts of the globe and
since it has become one of the largest integrated energy companies
in the world.
JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER
The American industrialist was responsible
for building the largest refining operation
in the U.S., which led to the spinoff
of several different entities, each
becoming some of the largest integrated
oil companies in the world.
The company's origins began in the
early 1860s. Rockefeller and other associates
owned refineries in Ohio (U.S.),
producing kerosene for lamp lighting.
Over the next 20 yr, the company expanded exponentially,
controlling nearly 95% of refining operations in the U.S. By the
mid-1890s, Standard Oil Co. had also become the dominant
kerosene exporter to other parts of the globe, such as Asia.
However, the company was eventually labeled a monopoly and
was split into several entities that would eventually lead to the
creation of Amoco, Chevron, Exxon, Mobil and Marathon.
FRITZ HABER, CARL BOSCH
Using fertilizers for agricultural
significantly expanded
in the 1800s/
early 1900s. However,
the primary sources to
develop ammonia-niter
and guano-were not
adequate to satisfy demand;
therefore, a new
process was needed to produce adequate amounts of ammonia
and nitrates. This challenge was solved by the German
chemist Fritz Haber in 1909 and later commercialized and expanded
by Carl Bosch of BASF.
Haber conducted significant research in the early 1900s
on the synthesis of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen.
62 JANUARY 2022 | HydrocarbonProcessing.com
The process requires high temperatures, high pressure and
catalysts. Intense research was led by Carl Bosch. After a few
years of trial-and-error, the process was a success, and the
first ammonia synthesis plant went into operations in Oppau,
Germany in 1913.7
The Haber-Bosch process-still in use today-enabled
BASF to become the first company to employ high-pressure
technology. The Oppau facility's success with ammonia production
expanded to include a second site in Leuna, Germany.
This site would not only utilize the Haber-Bosch process
to produce ammonia but would also be instrumental in the
research and development of synthetic gasoline from the hydrogenation
of lignite.
WILLIAM BURTON
William Burton was an American
chemist who is credited for inventing a
viable thermal cracking process. In
1910, he and Robert Humphreys developed
their own thermal cracking
process while working at Standard Oil
of Indiana's Whiting refinery-Vladimir
Shukhov (Russia) holds the earliest
patent for thermal cracking, which
he invented in 1891. However, the
Shukhov Cracking Process found little adoption since lighter
fractions (e.g., gasoline) did not exist at the time.
According to literature8
, Burton's thermal cracking process
involved heating crude oil in a still to 371°C-399°C (700°F-
750°F). The petroleum vapors were regulated through a valve
system that maintained constant pressure through the entire
process. Once the fractions were evaporated, they gathered
through a condenser. Lastly, the still was opened and the carbon
deposits were collected. The process produced primarily
gasoline, gasoil, residual fuel oil and petroleum coke.8
The
Burton process was used extensively for more than 20 yr, until
the creation of catalytic cracking.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Hydrocarbon Processing would like to thank several institutions/companies for
the use of archived images of industry pioneers. These include Linde, the Canadian
Petroleum Hall of Fame, Explore Pennsylvania History, Shell, the National Inventors
Hall of Fame and BASF.
LITERATURE CITED
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Wikipedia, " Carl von Linde, " online: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_von_
Linde.
Britannica, " Carl von Linde, " Encyclopedia Britannica, November 2021, online:
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Carl-Paul-Gottfried-von-Linde.
Linde, " Corporate Heritage, " Linde, online: https://www.linde.com/aboutlinde/corporate-heritage.
Canadian
Petroleum Hall of Fame, " Abraham Gesner, 1797-1864, " online:
http://www.canadianpetroleumhalloffame.ca/abraham-gesner.html.
Shell, " Company History, " online: https://www.shell.com/about-us/our-heritage/our-company-history.html.
Britannica,
" Standard Oil, " Encyclopedia Britannica, March 2020, online: https://
www.britannica.com/topic/Standard-Oil.
BASF, " Who we are: 1902-1924, " BASF, online: https://www.basf.com/ca/en/
who-we-are/history/1902-1924.html.
Gerali, F., " Thermal Cracking, " Engineering and Technology History, 2019, online:
https://ethw.org/Thermal_Cracking.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_von_Linde
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_von_Linde
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Carl-Paul-Gottfried-von-Linde
https://www.linde.com/about-linde/corporate-heritage
https://www.linde.com/about-linde/corporate-heritage
http://www.canadianpetroleumhalloffame.ca/abraham-gesner.html
https://www.shell.com/about-us/our-heritage/our-company-history.html
https://www.shell.com/about-us/our-heritage/our-company-history.html
http://www.britannica.com/topic/Standard-Oil
http://www.britannica.com/topic/Standard-Oil
https://www.basf.com/ca/en/who-we-are/history/1902-1924.html
https://www.basf.com/ca/en/who-we-are/history/1902-1924.html
https://www.ethw.org/Thermal_Cracking
http://www.HydrocarbonProcessing.com
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022
Contents
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - Cover1
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - Cover2
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - Contents
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 4
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 5
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 6
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 7
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 8
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 9
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 10
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 11
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 12
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 13
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 14
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 15
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 16
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 17
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 18
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 19
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 20
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 21
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 22
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 23
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 24
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 25
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 26
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 27
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 28
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 29
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 30
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 31
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 32
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 33
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 34
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 35
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 36
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 37
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 38
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 39
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 40
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 41
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 42
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 43
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 44
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 45
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 46
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 47
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 48
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 49
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 50
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 51
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 52
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 53
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 54
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 55
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 56
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 57
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 58
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 59
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 60
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 61
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 62
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 63
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 64
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 65
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 66
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 67
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 68
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 69
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 70
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 71
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 72
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 73
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 74
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 75
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 76
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 77
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 78
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 79
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 80
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 81
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 81A
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 81B
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - 82
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - Cover3
Hydrocarbon Processing - January 2022 - Cover4
https://www.nxtbook.com/gulfenergyinfo/gulfpub/HPI-Market-Data-2023-v3
https://www.nxtbook.com/gulfenergyinfo/gulfpub/hpi-market-data-2024-v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/gulfenergyinfo/gulfpub/hpi-market-data-2024
https://www.nxtbook.com/gulfenergyinfo/gulfpub/gas-processes-handbook-2022_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/gulfenergyinfo/gulfpub/gas-processes-handbook-2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/gulfenergyinfo/gulfpub/hp_202212
https://www.nxtbook.com/gulfenergyinfo/gulfpub/hpi-market-data-2023-v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/gulfenergyinfo/gulfpub/hpi-market-data-2023
https://www.nxtbook.com/gulfenergyinfo/gulfpub/hp_202211
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202210
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202209
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202208
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202207_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202207
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202206_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202206
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202205_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202205
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202204_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202204
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_032022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202203
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202202
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202201
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202112
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202111
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202110
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hpimarket_2022_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hpimarket_2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202109
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202108
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/petrochemical_processes_handbook_2021_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/petrochemical_processes_handbook_2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202107
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202106
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202105
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202104
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_ebooks
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202103
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202102
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202101
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/catalyst_handbook_2020_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/catalyst_handbook_2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202012
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202011
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202010
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hpimarket_2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202009
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202008
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/refining_processes_handbook_2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/refining_processes_handbook_2020_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202007
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202006
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202005
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202004
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202003
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202002
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202001
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201912
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201911
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hpimarket_2020_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hpimarket_2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201910
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201909
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201908
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201907
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201906
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201905
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201904
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201903
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201902
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201901
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/petrochemical_2018_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/petrochemical_2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201812
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hpimarket_2019_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hpimarket_2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201811
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201810
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201809
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201808
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201807
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201806
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201805
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201804
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201803
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201802
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201801
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201712
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201711
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201710
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201709
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201708
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201707
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201706
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201705
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201704
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201703
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201702
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201701
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_2017mediaplanner
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201612
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201611
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201610
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201609
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201608
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201607
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201606
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201605
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201604
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201603
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201602
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201601
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201512
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201511
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201510
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_2016mediaplanner
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201509
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201508
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201507
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_2015tmsd
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201506
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201505
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201504
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201503
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201502
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201501
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201412
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201411
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_2015mediaplanner
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201410
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201409
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201408
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201407
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_2014petrochemicalprocesses_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_2014petrochemicalprocesses
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201406
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201405
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201404
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201403
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_2014calendar
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201402
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201401
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201312
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_2014mediaplanner
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201311
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201310
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201309
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201308
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_srsguide2013
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201307
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201306
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201305
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201304
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201303
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201302
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201301
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201212
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201211
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201210
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201209
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201208
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201207
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_srsguide2012
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201206
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201205
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201204
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201203
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201202
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201201
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201112
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201111
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201110
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201109
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201108
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201107_srsguide
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201107
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201106
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201105
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201104
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201103
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201102
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201101
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201012
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201011
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201010
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201009
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201008
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201007
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201006
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201005
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201004
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201003
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201002
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201001
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_200912
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_200911
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_200910
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_200909
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_200908
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_200907
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_200906
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_200905
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_200904
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_200903
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_200902
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_200901
https://www.nxtbookmedia.com