Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 49
100th Anniversary
History of the HPI
LEE NICHOLS, Editor-in-Chief/Associate Publisher
The 1950s: Capacity expansion, HDPE/PP,
polycarbonate, computers and rocket science
The 1950s marked an evolution in the
use of oil by nations around the world. The
processing of crude oil into fuels (e.g., gasoline
and aviation gasoline) was imperative
for economies to function-the use of oil
increased significantly in many countries'
total energy mix. For example, the use of
oil was imperative during reconstruction
efforts in Western Europe post World War
2 (WW2). Petroleum products in Europe's
total energy mix increased from 10% at the
end of WW2 to 21% in the mid-1950s and
upwards to 45% in the 1960s.68
Across the world, nations were investing
in new refining capacity to satisfy demand
for refined fuels. One of the first
refineries to startup post WW2 was the
Ras Tanura refinery in Saudi Arabia-
the refinery began operations approximately
1 mos (October 1945) after the
end of the global conflict. By the early
1960s, the Ras Tanura refinery expanded
production capacity from 50,000 bpd to
210,000 bpd.69
Additional refining capacity
increased in other nations and regions,
including India, southeast Asia, the U.S.,
Western Europe and the first refineries in
Africa-two refineries were built in Algiers,
Algeria and Durban, South Africa in
1954, followed by refinery construction
in Angola, Ghana, Nigeria and Senegal in
the late 1950s/early 1960s.70
The 1950s was also a time of new
technological discoveries for the refining
and petrochemical industries. These
included new refining and petrochemical
processes to produce higher octane fuels,
new derivatives of polyethylene (PE), the
evolution of catalyst design, new chemical
products, the adoption of computers
in plant operations and the advancement
of rocket fuels technology.
Catalytic research and development
advances. After WW2, demand
FIG. 1. Phillips Research Complex. The inset shows the site of the development of PP. Photo
courtesy of American Chemical Society and Phillips 66 (successor of Phillips Petroleum Co.).
for high-octane gasoline increased globally-fluid
catalytic cracking (FCC) capacity
witnessed a significant capacity
buildout in the 1940s to produce highoctane
fuels for the Allied war effort. In
turn, researchers developed new technologies
to advance refining processes to
produce higher octane fuels. For example,
the U.S. added approximately 4 MMbpd
of octane improvement capacity (e.g.,
catalytic reforming, isomerization, alkylation,
hydrotreating)-directly or indirectly-during
the 1950s.71
Another process-Platforming,
invented in the late
1940s by Vladimir Haensel of UOP-was
instrumental in the eventual removal of
lead from gasoline. The process also used
a platinum catalyst to produce gasoline
with a higher octane rating, an unconventional
approach at the time due to the
high costs of precious metals. Around
the same time, hydrodesulfurization was
commercialized. Today, most refineries
have one or more desulfurization units.
In the 1950s, FCC processing technology
started to incorporate zeolite catalysts
in the reaction. Due to their molecular
structure, zeolite catalysts are extremely
effective in the reaction process-they
have higher performance at lower pressures.
In the early 1960s, the effectiveness
of zeolite catalysts was also instrumental
in making the hydrocracking process
economical-the modern hydrocracking
process was developed at Standard Oil of
California's (now Chevron) Richmond
Hydrocarbon Processing | APRIL 2022 49
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022
Contents
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - Cover1
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - Cover2
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - Contents
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 4
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 5
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 6
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 7
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 8
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 9
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 10
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 11
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 12
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 13
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 14
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 15
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 16
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 17
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 18
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 19
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 20
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 21
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 22
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 23
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 24
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 25
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 26
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 27
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 28
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 29
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 30
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 31
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 32
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 33
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 34
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 35
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 36
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 37
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 38
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 39
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 40
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 41
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 42
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 43
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 44
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 45
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 46
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 47
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 48
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 49
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 50
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 51
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 52
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 53
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 54
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 55
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 56
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 57
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 58
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 59
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 60
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 61
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 62
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 63
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 64
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 65
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 66
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 67
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 68
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 69
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 70
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 71
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 72
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 73
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 74
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 75
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 76
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 77
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 78
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 79
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 80
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 81
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 82
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 83
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 84
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 85
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 86
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 87
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 88
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 88A
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 88B
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 89
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - 90
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - Cover3
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - Cover4
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - GP-1
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - GP-2
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - GP-3
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - GP-4
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - GP-5
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - GP-6
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - GP-7
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - GP-8
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - GP-9
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - GP-10
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - GP-11
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - GP-12
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - GP-13
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - GP-14
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - GP-15
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - GP-16
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - GP-17
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - GP-18
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - GP-19
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - GP-20
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - GP-21
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - GP-22
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - GP-23
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - GP-24
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - GP-25
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - GP-26
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - GP-27
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - GP-28
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - GP-29
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - GP-30
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - GP-31
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - GP-32
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - GP-33
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - GP-34
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - GP-35
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - GP-36
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - GP-37
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - GP-38
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - GP-39
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - GP-40
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - GP-41
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - GP-42
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - GP-43
Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2022 - GP-44
https://www.nxtbook.com/gulfenergyinfo/gulfpub/HPI-Market-Data-2023-v3
https://www.nxtbook.com/gulfenergyinfo/gulfpub/hpi-market-data-2024-v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/gulfenergyinfo/gulfpub/hpi-market-data-2024
https://www.nxtbook.com/gulfenergyinfo/gulfpub/gas-processes-handbook-2022_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/gulfenergyinfo/gulfpub/gas-processes-handbook-2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/gulfenergyinfo/gulfpub/hp_202212
https://www.nxtbook.com/gulfenergyinfo/gulfpub/hpi-market-data-2023-v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/gulfenergyinfo/gulfpub/hpi-market-data-2023
https://www.nxtbook.com/gulfenergyinfo/gulfpub/hp_202211
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202210
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202209
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202208
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202207_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202207
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202206_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202206
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202205_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202205
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202204_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202204
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_032022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202203
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202202
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202201
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202112
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202111
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202110
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hpimarket_2022_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hpimarket_2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202109
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202108
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/petrochemical_processes_handbook_2021_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/petrochemical_processes_handbook_2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202107
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202106
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202105
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202104
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_ebooks
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202103
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202102
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202101
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/catalyst_handbook_2020_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/catalyst_handbook_2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202012
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202011
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202010
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hpimarket_2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202009
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202008
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/refining_processes_handbook_2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/refining_processes_handbook_2020_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202007
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202006
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202005
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202004
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202003
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202002
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_202001
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201912
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201911
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hpimarket_2020_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hpimarket_2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201910
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201909
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201908
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201907
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201906
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201905
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201904
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201903
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201902
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201901
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/petrochemical_2018_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/petrochemical_2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201812
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hpimarket_2019_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hpimarket_2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201811
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201810
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201809
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201808
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201807
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201806
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201805
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201804
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201803
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201802
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201801
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201712
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201711
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201710
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201709
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201708
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201707
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201706
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201705
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201704
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201703
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201702
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201701
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_2017mediaplanner
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201612
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201611
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201610
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201609
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201608
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201607
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201606
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201605
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201604
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201603
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201602
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201601
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201512
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201511
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201510
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_2016mediaplanner
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201509
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201508
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201507
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_2015tmsd
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201506
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201505
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201504
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201503
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201502
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201501
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201412
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201411
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_2015mediaplanner
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201410
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201409
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201408
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201407
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_2014petrochemicalprocesses_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_2014petrochemicalprocesses
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201406
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201405
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201404
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201403
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_2014calendar
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201402
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201401
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201312
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_2014mediaplanner
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201311
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201310
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201309
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201308
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_srsguide2013
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201307
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201306
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201305
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201304
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201303
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201302
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201301
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201212
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201211
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201210
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201209
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201208
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201207
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_srsguide2012
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201206
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201205
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201204
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201203
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201202
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201201
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201112
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201111
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201110
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201109
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201108
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201107_srsguide
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201107
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201106
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201105
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201104
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201103
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201102
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201101
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201012
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201011
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201010
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201009
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201008
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201007
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201006
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201005
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201004
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201003
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201002
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201001
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_200912
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_200911
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_200910
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_200909
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_200908
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_200907
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_200906
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_200905
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_200904
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_200903
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_200902
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_200901
https://www.nxtbookmedia.com