Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - 48

History of the HPI
nies developed fieldbus technologies for
use in several different industrial applications,
including process automation for
the refining and petrochemical sectors.
The proliferation of fieldbus technologies
in the late 1980s-mid-1990s led to many
different systems that were not compatible
with competing technologies, and several
international standards organizations
fought for their fieldbus standard to be accepted
by industry. This predicament-
known as the fieldbus wars-led to many
users trying to seek a unified standard that
enabled them to utilize different/competing
technologies (i.e., a plug-and-play
solution).248
The fieldbus wars included
FIG. 1. View of the Pearl GTL plant. Photo courtesy of Shell.
new GTL processing capacity. In 1993,
Shell commissioned its first GTL plant
in Bintulu, Malaysia; however, research
on this processing technology took decades
to complete. Shell started conducting
research on FT processes in 1973 at
its labs in Amsterdam, Netherlands. The
company first focused on coal-to-liquids
conversion but later switched to natural
Within
gas as the primary feedstock.245
these tests, the company was able to create
new catalysts to produce a few grams/d of
hydrocarbon liquids from natural gas. By
1983, production increased to a few bpd at
Shell's pilot plant facility in Amsterdam.246
Less than a decade later, Shell opened
the Bintulu GTL facility. The $850-MM,
12,500-bpd plant utilized Shell's Middle
Distillate Synthesis (MDS) process. According
to literature,247
the MDS process
is comprised of three basic stages. These
stages include:
* Stage 1: The production of syngas
from the partial oxidation process
of natural gas with pure oxygen via
Shell's Gasification Process.
* Stage 2: The syngas passes
through paraffin synthesis reactors
equipped with proprietary Shell
catalyst. These catalyst and reactors
favor the formation of longchained
liquid molecules (wax),
simultaneously minimizing the
formation of gaseous compounds.
* Stage 3: The intermediate and
waxy synthetic crude oil molecules
are converted and fractionated
into high-quality products.
The waxes are purified via a
hydrogenation unit followed by
48 AUGUST 2022 | HydrocarbonProcessing.com
advanced fractionation. Clean
middle distillates and waxy
raffinate are produced by a
selective hydrocracking process
(i.e., heavy paraffin conversion),
followed by distillation.
The Bintulu GTL plant was later expanded
to 14,700 bpd in the mid-2000s.
Several years later, Shell and Qatar Petroleum
commissioned the largest commercial
GTL plant in the world, the $18-B,
140,000-bpd Pearl GTL complex in Ras
Laffan Industrial City, Qatar (FIG. 1).
The fieldbus wars lead to a new
standard in process automation. In
the mid-1970s, the introduction of the
distributed control system (DCS) by
Honeywell
and Yokogawa
revolutionized
process automation in the refining
and petrochemical industries (the history
of the DCS is detailed in the History of
the HPI section of the June issue). This
advancement in automation led to several
new technologies to optimize plant operations,
including the creation of fieldbus.
According to literature, fieldbus is the
technology that provides a digital link
between intelligent, microprocessorbased
field instrumentation and the host
DCS.248
Prior to fieldbus, field instruments
had to be wired in a point-to-point
configuration; fieldbus enabled these instruments
to communicate with the DCS
using a single wire.
The origins of fieldbus technology date
to the mid-1970s with the creation of the
general-purpose interface bus, a precursor
to Intel Corp.'s Bitbus in the early 1980s.
Throughout the 1980s, several compa224
225
competing
standards in Europe (e.g., the
French FIP vs. the German PROFIBUS,
which the two later tried to combine) in
the late 1980s/early 1990s and within the
U.S. in the mid-1990s.249
In 1999, the leading fieldbus manufacturers
at the time-ControlNet, Fieldbus
Foundation [developed by the International
Society of Automation (ISA) and
purchased by the FieldComm Group in
2015], Fisher Rosemount (now part of
Emerson), the PROFIBUS user organization,
Rockwell Automation and Siemens-signed
an agreement that put an
end to the fieldbus wars.249
This agreement
became the basis for the International
Electrotechnical Commission's (IEC's)
IEC 61158 standard. According to literature,
the IEC 61158 standard grouped the
different fieldbuses into types, but created
common physical, data link and application
layers.248
The standard enabled competing
technologies to work with each
other. Fieldbus is still in use today; however,
it is being challenged by industrial
Ethernet, a technology that has gained
prominence since the 2010s.
LITERATURE CITED
222
223
Staff editors, " 1999 HPI Market Data, " Hydrocarbon
Processing, 1999.
Lowe, D., " The Nobel price that got binned, "
Chemistry World, October 12, 2020, online:
https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/thenobel-prize-that-got-binned/4012568.article
Wikipedia,
" Metallocene, " online: https://
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallocene#History
Bhagat, S., " Past and future perspective of metallocene
catalyst: A review, " European Journal of
Molecular and Clinical Medicine, " 2020, online:
https://ejmcm.com/pdf_3246_7618147a47a174
bbbae78af1ef473bb9.html
226
Thayer, A., " Metallocene catalysts initiate new era
in polymer synthesis, " C&EN, September 11, 1995.
Complete literature cited available online at
www.HydrocarbonProcessing.com
https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/thenobel-prize-that-got-binned/4012568.article https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/thenobel-prize-that-got-binned/4012568.article https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallocene#History https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallocene#History https://ejmcm.com/pdf_3246_7618147a47a174bbbae78af1ef473bb9.html https://ejmcm.com/pdf_3246_7618147a47a174bbbae78af1ef473bb9.html http://www.HydrocarbonProcessing.com http://www.HydrocarbonProcessing.com

Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022

Contents
Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - Cover1
Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - Cover2
Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - Contents
Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - 4
Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - 5
Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - 6
Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - 7
Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - 8
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Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - 40
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Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - 50
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Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - Cover3
Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - Cover4
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