Theatre Design & Technology - Summer 1978 - 7
The Origins, Evolution and Development
of Theatre Design since
-World War II in the United States----by George C. Izenour
This essay concerns the principles of design-engineering
that determine the seating geometry of the auditorium, and
consequently the form of the stage; and their combined effect
on theatre design, as opposed to the purely esthetic architectural aspects of theatre design, as it has been traditionally
practiced in both Western Europe and the Western Hemisphere. Specifically, it deals with theatre design in the United
States since World War II-the time of its greatest proliferation. To an American theatre designer the development is
both logical and inevitable, but to a non-American designer it
perhaps seems little short of chaotic.
American theatre design since World War II is the result of
the operation of three separate forces that yield three separate and distinctly different responses. These can best be
characterized as: (1) inherited tradition, (2) engineering innovation, and (3) artistic improvisation.
First, because our ethnic origins and inherited traditions
are predominantly Western European, we have had handed
down to us the complicated baggage of the eighteenth and
nineteenth-century mechanized proscenium stage, fronted
by either a neo-baroque, ring-balconied, horseshoe-shaped
auditorium, or a Bayreuth-type, fan-shaped auditorium. The
seating geometry and acoustical parameters of each is appropriately sized to suit the needs of either grand opera or
spoken drama. Along with this comes the end stage, shoeboxshaped, acoustically live concert hall auditorium. This tradition is still manifest on both sides of the Atlantic, and
each of the forementioned remains an architecturally separate entity so far as acoustical design, seating geometry of the auditorium, and engineering of the stage is concerned.
Second, there is the uniquely pragmatic American response to the problem of auditorium design that, unlike our
inherited traditions, is based entirely on engineering innovation, and not architectural design. This concerns two
separate developments. One is defined as the multiple-use
stage and auditorium; the other is defined as the multipleform stage and auditorium. Each is the result of the application of a comprehensive systems engineering design approach to the theatre design problem. The multiple-use type
combines in one architectural volume a massive, interior,
secondary structural system incorporating both the stage and
auditorium. Adjustment of the room acoustics and seating
geometry of the auditorium and technical accoutrements of
the stage can be alternately modified to satisfy the performance requirements of: (1) absolute music, (2) opera/musical
comedy, and (3) spoken drama. The multiple-form stage and
auditorium is a combination of opposites within one architectural volume that incorporates the means for reshaping
the auditorium to satisfy the seating geometry and room
acoustics requirements for either the proscenium stage or
the thrust stage for the presentation of spoken drama. Both of
these, it is emphasized, are antithetical to the design of the
traditionally separate architectural entities of concert hall,
opera house, and theatre for spoken drama inherited from
Western Europe.
The third aspect of American theatre design, and probably
the most difficult of all for an outsider to understand, is concerned with artistic improvisation that, for the most part, is in
diametric opposition to the engineering innovations alluded
to. These improvisations, for the most part carried out in
spaces never intended for performance, are concerned with
revival of the primitive theatre and other informal constructions, and are collectively known as "theatres-in-the-round,"
where the stage, in a great variety of static shapes, is surrounded by a totally enveloping auditorium (Figure 1).
THEATER TYPES
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Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Theatre Design & Technology - Summer 1978
Contents
Theatre Design & Technology - Summer 1978 - 1
Theatre Design & Technology - Summer 1978 - 2
Theatre Design & Technology - Summer 1978 - 3
Theatre Design & Technology - Summer 1978 - Contents
Theatre Design & Technology - Summer 1978 - 5
Theatre Design & Technology - Summer 1978 - 6
Theatre Design & Technology - Summer 1978 - 7
Theatre Design & Technology - Summer 1978 - 8
Theatre Design & Technology - Summer 1978 - 9
Theatre Design & Technology - Summer 1978 - 10
Theatre Design & Technology - Summer 1978 - 11
Theatre Design & Technology - Summer 1978 - 12
Theatre Design & Technology - Summer 1978 - 13
Theatre Design & Technology - Summer 1978 - 14
Theatre Design & Technology - Summer 1978 - 15
Theatre Design & Technology - Summer 1978 - 16
Theatre Design & Technology - Summer 1978 - 17
Theatre Design & Technology - Summer 1978 - 18
Theatre Design & Technology - Summer 1978 - 19
Theatre Design & Technology - Summer 1978 - 20
Theatre Design & Technology - Summer 1978 - 21
Theatre Design & Technology - Summer 1978 - 22
Theatre Design & Technology - Summer 1978 - 23
Theatre Design & Technology - Summer 1978 - 24
Theatre Design & Technology - Summer 1978 - 25
Theatre Design & Technology - Summer 1978 - 26
Theatre Design & Technology - Summer 1978 - 27
Theatre Design & Technology - Summer 1978 - 28
Theatre Design & Technology - Summer 1978 - 29
Theatre Design & Technology - Summer 1978 - 30
Theatre Design & Technology - Summer 1978 - 31
Theatre Design & Technology - Summer 1978 - 32
Theatre Design & Technology - Summer 1978 - 33
Theatre Design & Technology - Summer 1978 - 34
Theatre Design & Technology - Summer 1978 - 35
Theatre Design & Technology - Summer 1978 - 36
Theatre Design & Technology - Summer 1978 - 37
Theatre Design & Technology - Summer 1978 - 38
Theatre Design & Technology - Summer 1978 - 39
Theatre Design & Technology - Summer 1978 - 40
Theatre Design & Technology - Summer 1978 - 41
Theatre Design & Technology - Summer 1978 - 42
Theatre Design & Technology - Summer 1978 - 43
Theatre Design & Technology - Summer 1978 - 44
Theatre Design & Technology - Summer 1978 - 45
Theatre Design & Technology - Summer 1978 - 46
Theatre Design & Technology - Summer 1978 - 47
Theatre Design & Technology - Summer 1978 - 48
Theatre Design & Technology - Summer 1978 - 49
Theatre Design & Technology - Summer 1978 - 50
Theatre Design & Technology - Summer 1978 - 51
Theatre Design & Technology - Summer 1978 - 52
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https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1969Dec
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https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1968Dec
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https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1967Dec
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1967Oct
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https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1967Feb
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1966Dec
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1966Oct
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1966May
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1966Feb
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1965Dec
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1965Oct
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1965May
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