Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1995 - 24

* UNDERSCORES
Sometimes the direcror will wam ro try ro draw the audience
imo a scene by enveloping the audience in sound. In these
cases, the sound should still be imaged ro the appropriate
part of the visual picture, yet a omnidirectional surround
sound system will be used ro provide the adrutional spatiality. This must be done with extreme care, however as it is not
acceptable for the spatiality of the sound ro rustract any
member of the audience from the scene-inclurung audience members unfortunate enough ro have purchased their
seats right next ro a surround sound speaker.
* LOCALIZED SURROUND SOUND

An omnidirectional sound system is somewhat differem
from a localized surround system in its directional requiremems, its use of audio delays, and its power capabilities. In
a surround sound system no single member of the audience
should be able ro locate an individual loudspeaker. The
sound should either appear ro come from the stage, but
somehow "envelop" the auruence, or appear ro be omnirurectional. In a localized surround system, the auruence
should be able ro accurately perceive the location of the
sound. Often the sound will move about the auruence, and
rhe audience should all be able ro track the movemems of
the sounds through space. This requires that delays be used
only ro make the apparem acoustic delay from all surround
speakers arrive at the cemer of the auruence at the same rime.
The final requiremem of this type of system is that each
loudspeaker may be called upon ro reproduce levels equal ro
those of the stage speakers.
* MOVEMENT AND RHYTHM IN LOCALIZED
SURROUND SOUND SYSTEMS
In a localized surround sound system a sound can be made
ro image any place it is possible ro place a loudspeaker. The
accuracy of the auruence's perception of the movemem of a
sound is limited by the number of loudspeaker and loudspeaker locarions available. However, it may be shown that it
can be difficult ro move sounds through space with complete
rhythmic accuracy due ro the various delay times between
each audience member and the differem loudspeakers.
For example, sixteenth notes at a tempo of 120 beats per
minute occur every 125 milliseconds (1/120 minutes per
beat x 60 second/l minute x 1 beat/4- 16th notes = .125
sec/16th note). This would represem a path lengrh difference between two speakers and an audience member of 1130
ft/sec x .125 sec. = 141.25 feet. If the path length rufference
between two loudspeakers and an audience member is 141
feet, the rhyrhm will be off when the sound moves by as
much as a sixteenth note. This may seem like an extreme
case, as real world path length differences are not typically
this high. However, rhythm is maimained with a much

22

WI

TER

1995

TD&T

greater accuracy than plus or minus a sixteemh note. Some
players play "ahead of the beat," while some play "behind the
beat" and even a very slight deviation from the tempo would
ruin the feel of the music. This may be a good reason ro
either limit the path length rufferences between the speakers
and the audience, or ro limit the amoum of rhythmic information in the moving sound.

EXECUTII 'G THE DESIG1'
With the dramatic rools of scale, perspective, movemem,
and immersion, the sound score designer has the ability ro
comrol the audience's perception of space and develop a relationship of the audirory space ro the visual space. Perhaps
the two most imporrant facrors which influence the audirory
space are the architecture of the theatre, and the loudspeakers reproducing the Sound Score.
* THEATRE DESIGN
Theatres are generally not designed with surround sound
in mind. They have balconies, they are roo wide, they have
low ceilings at the rear of the house, the aisles are usually
where the best sounding seats are, etc. These are typical
problems encoumered in most theatres. However, the twO
most imporrant facrors ro consider in the design of a theatre for surround sound are the relationship between the
audience and the speakers, and the overall size and shape of
the theatre.
* THE RELATIO SHIP BETWEEN THE AUDIENCE
AND THE SURROUND SOUND SYSTEM
To effectively create a surround sound that is perceived as
omnidirectional, the audience must not be located roo close
ro a loudspeaker (remember that the Haas effect for the
delayed speaker suggests that its level must be less than 10
dB higher than the original, or stage sound). The closer the
audience member is ro the speaker, the shorrer the distance
ro increase the level of the close loudspeaker. For instance, if
the cemer of the audience is 50 feet away from a surround
speaker, neglecting room effects, at 25 feet the sound pressure will be up 6 dB due ro inverse square law effects. This
increases ro 12 dB at 12.5 feet and 18 dB at 6.25 feet. If! set
the surround level while sitting in the cemer seat, the level at
10 feet away from the loudspeaker will be so much greater
than that coming from the stage that I will tend ro localize
on the surround. Surprisingly, it is not unusual in modern
theatres ro have the surround sound loudspeaker within ten
feet of an audience member.
Equally distracting is the location of a surround sound
loudspeaker roo close ro the audience when the surround
sound is used for localized images. In this case, the closer
one gets ro the loudspeaker, the more aware they are that



Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1995

Contents
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1995 - 1
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1995 - 2
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1995 - 3
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1995 - Contents
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1995 - 5
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1995 - 6
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1995 - 7
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1995 - 8
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1995 - 9
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1995 - 10
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1995 - 11
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1995 - 12
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1995 - 13
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1995 - 14
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1995 - 15
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1995 - 16
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1995 - 17
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1995 - 18
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1995 - 19
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1995 - 20
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1995 - 21
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1995 - 22
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1995 - 23
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1995 - 24
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1995 - 25
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1995 - 26
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1995 - 27
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1995 - 28
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1995 - 29
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1995 - 30
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1995 - 31
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1995 - 32
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1995 - 33
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1995 - 34
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1995 - 35
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1995 - 36
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1995 - 37
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1995 - 38
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Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1995 - 40
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https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1973Dec
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https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1973May
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https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1972Dec
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https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1971Dec
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https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1970Feb
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https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1967Dec
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1967Oct
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1967May
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1967Feb
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1966Dec
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1966Oct
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1966May
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1966Feb
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1965Dec
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1965Oct
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1965May
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