Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 49
mechanized
flat wing
SCenechange:
thcourt theatres
of
Gripsholm, Cesky- Krumlov, and Drottningholm
by
ers, and sliding Serlian-style wings. Although there are
no detailed illustrations or descriptions of the earliest
flat wing stages, by at least the middle of the seventeenth century the stages had become mechanized to
enable fast coordinated wing changes. The typical seventeenth century mechanized flat wing scene change
is shown in figure 1. It consisted of a series of trolleys
rolling on tracks in the substage area. Wing frames or
poles (hence the name "pole and chariot") extended
from the trolleys through slots in the stage floor to
support scenic flats. The scenic flats rested in hooks
attached to the wing frames. The onstage ends of the
trolleys to be moved onstage were attached with ropes
to a central shaft' and the offstage ends of the trolleys,
operating in pairs, were connected to each other via
direction-changing pulleys.
When the central shaft was revolved (often by use of
a falling counterweight) the trolley ropes were wrapped
around the shaft and as one trolley of each pair was
pulled onstage, the other trolley was pulled offstage. This
type of mechanism is shown in a number of seventeenth
and eighteenth cennlry drawings.'
No seventeenth century theatre exists with its stage
machinelY intact. Of the extant eighteenth centllly theatres, only the three theatres discussed in this article still
retain their oliginal stage machinely. Although each of
these theatres accomplished the same end-mO\~ng scenic \\wgs on and off stage-there are Significant differences in their details and operation.
TIle unique elements related to the wing change include:
The number of wings. Figure 2 shows that number of banks of \\~ngs in the three extant theatres varies
Frank Mohler
from four to sb:: banks. Each bank contains from two to
four wings:
o.ofbanks No. of wingslbarik
2
Gripsholm
4
CeskY Krumlov
3-4
5
Drottningholm
2-4
6
It should be noted that CeskY Krumlov has more
wings in the upstage banks and Drottningholm has more
wings in the downstage banks.
The type of drive. The most Significant difference
between the machinely in these theatres is the type of
de~ce used to pro~de the motivation for the change.
The drive pro~des the mechanical advantage for moving
the wing trolleys. Although many seventeenth and eighteenth century theatres utilized counterweights to move
scenery, the extant machinely at CeskY Krumlov,
Drottningholm, and Gripsholm do not utilize counterweights to assist the wing change.
The width of the slot. The flat wing change required slots in the stage floor for the passage of each
pole or \\wg ladder. The \\~dth of the slot was a function
of the type of removable \~g ladder.; It should be noted
that each of these extant theatres used wing frames
rather than poles to support the \~ngs.
The Scenery Guide. The wing frames in the
Swedish theatres included a guide at the top of the wing
frames to prevent adjacent wings from interfering with
each other.
The Type of Wheel. The wheels of the trolleys
supporting the wing franles are either grooved wheels
riding on rails or flat wheels mo~ng between tracks. 6
T'Z>&T
WIN T
E R
1 9
9
9
47
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999
Contents
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 1
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 2
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 3
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - Contents
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 5
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 6
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 7
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 8
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 9
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 10
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 11
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 12
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 13
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 14
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 15
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 16
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 17
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 18
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 19
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 20
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 21
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 22
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 23
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 24
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 25
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 26
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 27
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 28
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 29
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 30
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 31
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 32
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 33
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 34
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 35
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 36
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 37
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 38
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 39
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 40
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 41
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 42
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 43
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 44
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 45
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 46
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 47
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 48
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 49
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 50
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 51
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 52
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 53
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 54
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 55
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 56
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 57
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 58
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 59
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 60
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 61
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 62
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 63
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 64
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 65
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 66
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 67
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 68
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 69
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 70
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 71
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 72
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 73
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 74
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 75
Theatre Design & Technology - Winter 1999 - 76
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2022winter
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2022winter_public
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2021fall_public
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2021fall
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2021summer_public
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2021summer
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2021spring_public
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2021spring
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2021winter
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2021winter_public
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2020fall_public
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2020fall
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2020summer
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2020summer_public
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2020spring_public
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2020spring
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2020winter
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2020winter_public
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2019fall_public
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2019fall
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2019summer_public
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2019summer
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2019spring_public
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2019spring
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/usitt_techexpoguide_2019_public
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/usitt_techexpoguide_2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2019winter_public
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2019winter
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2018fall_public
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2018fall
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2018summer_public
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2018summer
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2018spring_public
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2018spring
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2018winter
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2017fall
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2017fall_public
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2017summer_public
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2017summer
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2017spring
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2017spring_public
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/usitt_techexpoguide_2017_public
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/usitt_techexpoguide_2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2017winter_public
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2017winter
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2016fall
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2016summer
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2016spring
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2016spring_public
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2016winter
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2015fall
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2015summer
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2015spring
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2015winter
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2014fall
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2014summer
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2013winter
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2013summer
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2013fall
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2013spring
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2012winter
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2012fall
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2012summer
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2012spring
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2011winter
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2011fall
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2011summer
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2011spring
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2010winter
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2010fall
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2010summer
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2010spring
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2009winter
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2009fall
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2009summer
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2009spring
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2008winter
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2008fall
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2008summer
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2008spring
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2007winter
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2007fall
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2007summer
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2007spring
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2006winter
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2006fall
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2006summer
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2006spring
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2005winter
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2005fall
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2005summer
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2005spring
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2004winter
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2004fall
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2004summer
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2004spring
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2003winter
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2003fall
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2003summer
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2003spring
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2002winter
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2002fall
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2002summer
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2002spring
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2001winter
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2001fall
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2001summer
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2001spring
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2000winter
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2000fall
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2000summer
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_2000spring
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1999winter
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1999fall
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1999summer
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1999spring
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1998winter
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1998fall
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1998summer
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1998spring
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1997winter
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1997fall
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1997summer
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1997spring
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1996winter
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1996fall
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1996summer
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1996spring
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1995winter
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1995fall
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1995summer
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1995spring
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1994winter
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1994fall
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1994summer
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1994spring
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1993winter
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1993fall
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1993summer
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1993spring
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1992winter
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1992fall
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1992summer
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1992spring
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1991winter
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1991fall
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1991summer
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1991spring
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1990fall
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1990summer
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1990spring
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1989winter
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1989fall
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1989summer
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1989spring
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1988winter
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1988winter
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1988fall
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1988summer
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1988spring
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1987winter
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1987fall
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1987summer
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1987spring
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1986winter
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1986fall
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1986summer
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1986spring
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1985winter
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1985fall
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1985summer
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1985spring
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1984fall
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1984summer
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1984spring
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1983winter
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1983fall
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1983summer
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1983spring
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1982winter
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1982fall
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1982summer
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1982spring
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1981winter
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1981fall
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1981summer
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1981spring
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1980winter
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1980fall
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1980summer
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1980spring
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1979winter
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1979fall
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1979summer
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1979spring
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1978winter
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1978fall
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1978summer
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1978spring
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1977winter
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1977fall
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1977summer
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1977spring
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1976winter
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1976fall
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1976summer
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1976spring
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1975winter
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1975fall
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1975summer
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1975spring
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1974Dec
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1974Oct
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1974May
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1974Feb
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1973Dec
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1973Oct
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1973May
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1973Feb
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1972Dec
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1972Oct
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1972May
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1972Feb
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1971Dec
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1971Oct
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1971May
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1971Feb
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1970Dec
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1970Oct
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1970May
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1970Feb
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1969Dec
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1969Oct
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1969May
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1969Feb
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1968Dec
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1968Oct
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1968May
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1968Feb
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1967Dec
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1967Oct
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1967May
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1967Feb
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1966Dec
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1966Oct
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1966May
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1966Feb
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1965Dec
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1965Oct
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1965May
https://www.nxtbookmedia.com