Theatre Design & Technology - Summer 2020 - 44

and what possible meanings they hold
for the artists and audiences. The argument draws from ethnographic research,
secondary literature on dance and on
costume, interviews with dancers, and
years of observation.
Indian classical dance stems from
various forms of cultural styles that
have evolved over centuries. The eight
distinct codified forms-Kathak, Odissi,
Kuchipudi, Bharatanatyam, Kathakali
and Mohiniyattam, Manipuri, and
Sattriya-all use distinctive music, movements, and visual language for nuanced
storytelling. The story the audience experiences is defined to a great extent
by the costume the dancer wears to enhance the movement and define stage
presence. Most importantly, these dances
are now associated with a certain silhouette of the body defined by their iconic
style of ahariya, meaning costume, and
alankar, meaning ornaments. For the
sake of concision, this paper considers
Bharatanatyam-the first classical dance
form to be formally revived in the 1930s.
Additionally it includes Odissi and
Mohiniyattam, two other dance forms
performed using a similar concise female
recital model seen in Bharatanatyam,
and ones that were revived following
Bharatanatyam. Closely related is the
Kuchipudi form that uses a similar costume vocabulary, but because it is often
performed in ensemble settings, requiring a detailed storytelling analysis, it
thus has been excluded in this analysis.
Silhouettes in the other four forms are
slightly different and would be better
analyzed in another paper (for more on
Kathakali, see Meaden 2012).
Classical Indian dance traditions
grew from cultural and devotional practices prevalent all over India for centuries. Many dance scholars like Leela
Venkataram and Sunil Kothari posit
that the rise of the Bhakti movement or
personal devotional reflection on Gods
Rama and Vishnu, which gained prevalence in the 15th century cemented a
special place for danced storytelling
(Venkataraman and Pasricha 2002, 1138; Kothari 1978, 24-29). Political figureheads commissioned performers for
devotional storytelling and entertainment
in their courts. Performers were supported by royal families throughout the South
Asian region, with immense emphasis on
the practice of dance as a devotional tool.
Dancers and performers were part of

CLASSICAL INDIAN DANCE
TRADITIONS GREW FROM
CULTURAL AND DEVOTIONAL
PRACTICES PREVALENT ALL OVER
INDIA FOR CENTURIES.
mainstream society and were respected
and admired for their skills. In the 19th
century however, this social position
changed as the ascent of British rule resulted in devolving princely states and
crumbling support for artists. In the early
20th century, many of the classical forms
faced severe opposition through social repression, legislative action, and influence
of western values, resulting in disregard
of traditions to the point of extinction.
Yet, with the support of a few defenders such as world traveled revivalist Rukmini Devi Arundale and
lawyer, freedom fighter, and social reformer E. Krishna Iyer, dance, specifically Bharatanatyam, saw a renewed
support for rejuvenation from the 1920s
through the 1940s. Dance scholar Sunil
Kothari, in Bharata Natyam, describes
the transition of many of the dances in
the 20th century:
In 1917, poet Rabindranath
Tagore had seen Manipuri dances.
He was deeply impressed and introduced them in his famous Academy,
Santiniketan. Another great poet
Vallathol rendered a great service by
reviving the Kathakali dance-dramas
in Kerala and succeeded in establishing the Kerala Kalamandalam in
1930. Madam Menaka, the pioneer
in Kathak won international prizes in
the Berlin Olympiad in 1936. Thus,
a general awakening was created
among the people about arts and culture. Those were the years of search
for the old gurus who were practicing their arts in remote villages, and
the discovery of our dance heritage.
(1979, 27)
Kothari also writes extensively about
the resurgence of other forms. When it

44 | THEATRE DESIGN & TECHNOLOGY | SUMMER 2020

comes to costumes within this revivalist
model, there is evidence that the earlier
simple traditional costume was reworked
and curated in the post-revival period.
In no dance was this rejuvenation more
evident than Bharatanatyam, the central
case study in this paper. Many dance
scholars consider its resurgence an essential step in process of classicizing
other forms of regional dance.

Influence of Natyashastra

Costuming traditions for classical Indian
dance draw from the aforementioned
Natyashastra, as well as regional artistic
and material culture traditions, as seen in
temple architecture, local arts and crafts,
and material culture around religious and
ritual observances. Natyashastra, the ancient text from the second century BCE
ascribed to Bharatamuni, provides rich
information on Sanskrit-based theatre
and dance with details of the playhouse,
metrics, prosody, diction, characters,
costumes and makeup, presentation
of sentiments, acting style, movement,
music, construction of plays, canons on
criticism, and assessment. Chapter 23
(Ghosh translation) provides information on costumes-a majority of which
consists of suggestive guidelines. How
modern performers have applied them
in their practice was based on the resources they had available, the needs of
a performance and cultural milieu within
which the dances were performed, and
personal taste. This observation is based
on interviews with several dancers over
the years who all reveal their adherence
to Natyashastra-based costuming as well
as their aesthetic interpretations.
In this section, I will outline some of the



Theatre Design & Technology - Summer 2020

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Theatre Design & Technology - Summer 2020

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Theatre Design & Technology - Summer 2020 - 1
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https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1973Dec
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https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1973May
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https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1972Dec
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https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1971Dec
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https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1970Feb
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https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1967Dec
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1967Oct
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1967May
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1967Feb
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1966Dec
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1966Oct
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1966May
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1966Feb
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1965Dec
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1965Oct
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1965May
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