IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - March 2018 - 21

2) The third party cannot be trusted,
and the authenticity of transactions
is questionable.
3) The validation of transactions is a
priority, and, thus, an enhanced sys-
tem rendering data authenticity and
integrity is important.
4) Data integrity over confidentiality
and processing performance is im-
portant. However, for time-sensitive
applications, the blockchain is not
appropriate, as the transfer duration
is lengthy for a block that needs to
be accepted into the chain. In the
case of bitcoin, this process lasts
approximately 10 min.
Data in the distributed public ledger
is immune to any tampering, as it is
highly encrypted using advanced cryp-
tography. The technology therefore
finds applications in cybersecurity. It
eliminates the usage of centralized
devices in the IoT and other forms of
networking, so connected devices can
update software, manage bugs, and
communicate directly. The technology
provides a new way of managing trust
and can be effectively applied in insur-
ance and domains like finance, as pre-
sented in Figure 4 [10]. It eliminates
the involvement of a third party; hence,
it is finding effective utilization in pri-
vate transport and ride sharing. It is
envisioned that the blockchain can have
significant applications in smart health
care with the Internet of Medical Things
or the Internet of Health Things to pro-
vide security, privacy, and effective in-
surance processing [11].

CONCLUSION
The blockchain is an effective solution
for the centuries-old consensus prob-
lem. Using cryptography (hashes and
digital signatures) and a system that
rewards participants, the winner of a
cryptographic lottery reaps the rewards
while ensuring the validity of the
entire ledger. At the same time, the
blockchain is not a universal solution
to any problem having to do with
transaction verification and security.
Its implementation must be adopted
only after careful examination of the
requirements of the application. The

Data in the distributed
public ledger is immune
to any tampering, as it is
highly encrypted using
advanced cryptography.
impact of the blockchain in modern
society is disruptive, and the conse-
quences of its widespread adoption are
still unknown.

ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Deepak Puthal (deepak.puthal@uts
.edu.au) earned his Ph.D. degree in com-
puter science and information systems
from the University of Technology Syd-
ney (UTS). He is a lecturer (assistant
professor) in the Faculty of Engineering
and Information Technology at UTS.
He received the IEEE Distinguished
Doctoral Dissertation Award for Excel-
lence in Special Technical Community
on Smart Computing for the year 2017.
He is an associate editorĀ of IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine.
Nisha Malik (nisha.malik@student
.uts.edu.au) is a Ph.D. student in the Fac-
ulty of Engineering and information tech-
nology at the University of Technology
Sydney, Australia. Her research interests
include vehicular networks, information
security, and cloud computing.
Saraju P. Mohanty (saraju.mohanty@
unt.edu) is a professor at the University
of North Texas, Denton. He has authored
250 research articles and three books
and holds four U.S. patents. His Google
Scholar h-index is 28 and i10-index is
83. He is the editor-in-chief of IEEE
Consumer Electronics Magazine and
serves as the chair of the IEEE Comput-
er Society Technical Committee on Very
Large Scale Integration.
Elias Kougianos (eliask@unt.edu)
earned his Ph.D. degree in electrical
engineering from Louisiana State Uni-
versity, Baton Rouge, in 1997. He is a
professor in engineering technology at
the University of North Texas, Denton.
He is the author or coauthor of more
than 120 peer-reviewed journal and con-
ference publications.

Chi Yang (chiyangit@gmail.com)
earned his Ph.D. degree in computer sci-
ence at the University of Technology
Sydney, Australia. He is a research fel-
low at the Unitec Institution of Tech-
nology, Auckland, New Zealand. His
research interests include wireless sensor
networks, the Internet of Things, big data
processing, cloud computing, parallel
and distributed computing, privacy and
security, and extensible markup language
data streams.

REFERENCES
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March 2018

^

IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine

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https://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf https://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf https://www.blockgeeks.com/guides/blockchain-applications/ https://www.blockgeeks.com/guides/blockchain-applications/

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