IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - January/February 2023 - 100

Security, Trust, and Privacy Solutions for Intelligent Internet of Vehicular Things
Figure 4. Utility of SUs with different schemes.
is less than 0.5. SUs with the larger type refuse to
sign the contract, and only SUs below the threshold
sign the contract. The utility curve of SUs
with signed contracts is relatively smooth and
higher than that of take-it-or-leave scheme. Due
to spectrum sharing constraints, SUs with the
higher type will reject the contract. Although
SUs with the lower type sign contracts, compared
with the proposed insurance-based incentive
mechanism, SUs pay higher insurance
premiums and receive less net compensation,
which degrades the utility of SUs.
In this scenario, the performance of the proposed
PSA is evaluated. The average utility
and spectrum utilization are shown in Figures 5
and 6, respectively.
In Figure 5, the average utility of PSA is higher
than those of RANDOM and FCFS with varying
numbers of SUs. The reason is RANDOM and
FCFS do not consider the utility of SUs in the
spectrum allocation process, hence SUs with a
higher transmission failure probability may
occupy the PUs with a larger bandwidth, resulting
in lower incomes. The proposed PSA considers
all the matches between PUs and SUs and
selects the optimal matches. Therefore, the
results show the feasibility and effectiveness of
the proposed PSA.
The results in Figure 6 show that the spectrum
utilization of each frequency band
increases to some degree, where the number of
vehicles purchasing spectrum resources satisfies
a Poisson distribution, and the time interval
of vehicle transaction request satisfies an exponential
distribution. The spectrum utilization of
100
Figure 5. Average utility of different schemes with
varying number of SUs.
type 4 PUs increases the most by 82% and that
of type 1 PUs increases the least by 41%. The
results confirm that the proposed PSA can
improve the spectrum utilization of different
types of PUs.
Security Analysis
The security analysis is summarized as
follows.
Property safety: Each user has a wallet corresponding
to its resource account, and the real
address of the wallet is hidden. Only by using
the corresponding key and digital signature can
resource coins be obtained from the wallet.
Transaction verification: Before the transaction
data are embedded into a block, all transaction
data must be publicly audited and certified
by authorized nodes, and a new block can be
formed after verification. If someone wants
to modify the transaction record, a malicious
attacker must destroy the entire consensus process,
thereby controlling most of the authorized
Figure 6. Spectrum utilization of different type of
PUs.
IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine

IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - January/February 2023

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - January/February 2023

Contents
IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - January/February 2023 - Cover1
IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - January/February 2023 - Cover2
IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - January/February 2023 - Contents
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