IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - January/February 2023 - 106

Security, Trust and Privacy Solutions for Intelligent Internet of Vehicular Things
Table 1. Detailed Information of IDS Datasets.
Dataset
Normal Attack
CAN IDS
Figure 1. Proposed method for CAN Intrusion
detection system (IDS).
Later, the features from the pretrained encoder
are taken and fed to the GMM to cluster the attack
and normal traffic based on different sensor
inputs in the dataset. We have experimented with
the IDECmethod and the proposedmethod on different
intrusion datasets and most importantly,
the proposedmethod shows reliable performance
in all of the datasets.
In autoencoder, the encoder is a DNN of
decreasing neurons with dimensions as f; 500;
500; 1000; 10 where f is the number of features in
the dataset and then the reverse dimension as
10; 1000; 500; 500;f is the decoder. The reconstruction
loss to train the autoencoder is the mean
squared error (MSE) and it is used to approximate
thedecoder output as the inputdataof the encoder
more accurately. The optimizer used to minimize
thelossisthe stochastic gradient descent with a
learning rate of 0.01. The autoencoder is pretrained
for about 200 epochs and then the feature descriptors
(i.e., the encoder output) are used to feed the
clustering model, i.e., GMM with log-likelihood as
the loss function. The experiments of GMM run for
20 iterations, and then the mean of the two Gaussian
functions is used as centroid for clustering the
incoming feature vector. Complex patterns in the
dataset can be discovered and the boundary
extraction is more precise while using GMM
than K-means clustering. Unlike K-means, GMM
includes other feature interrelations apart from the
Euclidean distance measure between the feature
vectors and it is better with respect to efficient
clustering.
EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS AND
RESULTS
The IDEC12 algorithm has experimented on the
CAN intrusion detection dataset along with the
proposed model. The IDEC model consists of an
autoencoder with the same dimensions as the
106
Total
396,000 334,519 730,519
KDDCup-99 647,179 157,871 805,050
ISCX
80,000
WSN-DS
340,066
41,980
34,594
121,980
374,660
proposedmethod. However, it uses K-means clustering
and embeds this clustering as a layer in the
autoencodermodel along with a definite clustering
loss function. The CAN intrusion detection dataset
consists of 730,519 data samples and each feature
is of length 9.14 This database was collected using
CL2000 from Mercedes ML350. Normalization was
employedon the dataset to convert the raw packet
data of CAN IDS and data bytes. The attacks in this
data contain DoS and fuzzy attacks. All CAN data
samples are collectedfrom 4CAN identifiers. Along
with the CAN IDS dataset, the proposed method
and IDEC performance are evaluated on the
computer network-based intrusion detection datasets
such as KDDCup-99,15 and ISCX,15 and a wireless
sensor network IDS dataset (WSN-DS).15 The
validation of this method is carried over by testing
the algorithm on various intrusion attacks as well,
this helps us to understand the generalization
property of themodel. The distribution of the datasets
between the two classes, i.e., normal and
attack is elaborately shown in Table 1.
All models are implemented using TensorFlow
and scikit-learn libraries of python programming
language. The experiments are run on
a personal computer with NVIDIA GEFORCE GTX
1050Ti. To evaluate the performance of the existing
and the proposed model, the experiments
are conducted on different testing splits such as
10% (39,586 normal and 33,466 attack data samples),
20% (66,988 normal and 33,466 attack data
samples), and 30% (100,457 Normal and 118,699
attack data samples) from the complete dataset,
which has 396,000 normal and 334,519 attacks
CAN network packet data samples. The MSE of
IDEC and proposed method are 7.15e07 and
6.81e07, 6.79e07 and 6.85e07, 7.27e07 and
6.67e07, and 7.70e07 and 7.02e07, respectively,
for CAN IDS, KDDCup-99, ISCX, and WSNDS.
The detailed performance analysis of the
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