IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2020 - 74

Figure 13(a). This integrated hard-
ware implements a dedicated hard-
ware accelerator for the first-factor
authentication based on symmetric
cryptography, a touch detection cir-
cuit for the second-factor tap recog-
nition, and a wake-up detector. To
securely authenticate an implant-
able drug delivery system, the chip
was integrated into a system dem-
onstration powered by a battery.
This system detects patterns via a
force-sensitive resistor and commu-
nicates wirelessly with the external
relay device for authentication. The
authentication protocol takes 660 ms
when only the first-factor authenti-
cation is performed and 12 s when

User

1

the second-factor authentication
is also enabled, while consuming
only 8 nW of active power from an
0.87-V supply for the DTL S-PSKb a s e d first-factor authentication.
Fig--ure 13(b) depicts the measured
system protocol waveforms in the
course of operation.

Authenticated Wireless Power
Near-field wireless charging has re-
cently become the widely preferred
method to charge IoT devices in our
daily lives. However, to harm the per-
formance of critical tasks performed
by IoT devices, an adversary can ex-
ploit this wireless charging capability
by counterfeiting the charger. This ex-

IMD

ample [26] addresses the protection of
IoT devices with a resonant wireless
recharging feature from harsh tran-
sients imposed by counterfeit wireless
chargers. Several other works [27],
[28] demonstrated the authentication
of a wired charger for the safety of the
battery via symmetric-key protocols.
The growing number of wireless-pow-
ered IoT devices makes it challenging
to use a PSK for the symmetric-key
protocols suitable for one-charger
and one-receiver (IoT device) pair au-
thentication. Preprogramming all of
the private keys of possible chargers
with which the device can interact is
not a scalable solution. An alternative
solution is to exchange a secret key

Server

Controller
(Cellphone)

Wake Up IMD
Using Four Taps
Bluetooth Connection
3

2

Establish Connection

Internet Connection

User Sends Command to Server Through Cellphone App

Server

IMD

4

First-Factor Authentication
DTLS-PSK Handshake and Authentication of IMD

Establishment of Encrypted Channel

5

Second-Factor Authentication

IMD

Server

Command + Second-Factor Code

Second-Factor Code:
(3, 1, 4) Taps
User Taps
According
to Code

Server Sends Text Message to User
Verification Result
Acknowledgment

6

Drug Delivery (After Successful Dual-Factor Authentication)

FIGURE 12: The dual-factor authentication protocol exploiting a touch-based voluntary human action for authentication of an IMD [25].

74	

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IEEE SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS MAGAZINE	



IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2020

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2020

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