IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2020 - 75

over the communication channel, but
this could also create a new weakness
for the IoT device. Furthermore, all of
these private-key-based authentica-
tion protocols require a secure mem-
ory on the IoT receiver. If the memory
used in the symmetric-key protocol is
not well secured, then an adversary
can impersonate a legitimate charger
by obtaining the keys.

SHA

DTLS
Control

SecondFactor Auth.

Wake-Up
Logic

Touch
Detector

2
1
0

Voltage (V)

2 mm

AES

Voltage (V)

Test
Circuits

First-Factor Auth.

IoT device sends a challenge to the
charger, and the charger generates a
response using its private key. This
response can be verified by the IoT
device using the public key of the
charger, which can be distributed us-
ing certificates issued by a trusted
certificate authority. Based on the
verification result, the IoT receiver
decides if the charger is legitimate for

In this example [26], a public-key
authentication protocol is demon-
strated for wireless charging of mul-
tiple IoT receivers (Figure 14) using
low-resource elliptic-curve cryptog-
raphy (ECC). The receiver does not
need to contain any secure memory
or store any secret data, as opposed
to a private-key protocol. For the
wireless charger authentication, the

Osc-HF
Osc-LF
2 mm

2
1

Wake Up
Four Taps

FirstFactor
Auth.

Second-Factor Auth.
3 Taps

1 Tap

2.5

5

4 Taps

0
-2.5

0

7.5
Time (s)

10

12.5

Key Features
Touch Input

* DTLS-PSK Protocol for First-Factor Authentication
* Tap-Based Second-Factor Authentication
* Active Power Consumption = 8 µW
* Idle Power Consumption = 735 pW

Wake Up

Auth_OK

(b)

(a)
FIGURE 13: A low-power, dual-factor authentication chip for enabling secure communication with implants: (a) A chip micrograph and key
features of the chip, (b) The measured system protocol waveforms including tap-based wake up, first-factor cryptographic and second-factor
touch-based authentication, and final verification output [25]. Auth.: authorization; OSC-HF: oscillator-high frequency; OSC-LF: oscillator-low
frequency. AES: Advanced Encryption Standard; SHA: Secure Hash Algorithms.

ECC

PWM
Baseband

Charger's Private Key

Power
Frontend

PA

PNearby

PDistant

Distant
Receiver

Auxiliary
Coil
+

-

Authentication
Backend

Main Coil

Nearby
Receiver

Charger's
Public Key

FIGURE 14: The authenticated wireless charging of an IoT receiver via public-key protocol without requiring any secure memory and optimization of the power-delivery amount by a new detuning mechanism [26]. PWM: pulse width modulation.

	 IEEE SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS MAGAZINE	

FA L L 2 0 2 0	

75



IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2020

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2020

Contents
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2020 - Cover1
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2020 - Cover2
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2020 - Contents
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