IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2020 - 86

Fundamentals of
Integrated Transformers
From principles to applications

Andrea Bevilacqua

M

agnetic trans-
formers are con--
ventionally used
for distributing
and converting
electrical energy and managing high
electrical powers. They are typically
large and bulky, such that one may won-
der whether they can go along with inte-
grated circuits at all. However, their
use in integrated circuits is absolutely
ubiquitous [1]-[13]. They are used
to implement fully integrated power

Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MSSC.2020.3021844
Date of current version: 18 November 2020

86	

FA L L 2 0 2 0	

amplifiers, frequency synthesizers,
complete wireless transceivers, and
power management circuits. They are
indeed very useful, as they offer gal-
vanic isolation to realize ac coupling
while also allowing one to implement
single-ended to differential conver-
sion and signal or power combining.
It is quite easy to achieve phase
inversion using a magnetic trans-
former, which is useful in the design
of feedback networks. Magnetic trans-
formers provide passive voltage or
current gain, and, hence, they inher-
ently feature impedance transforma-
tion, a key feature in the design of
matching networks. Combined with

IEEE SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS MAGAZINE	

a pair of capacitors, they make up
higher-order resonators, which are
useful in the design of harmonic oscil-
lators and filters.

Basic Physical Principles
We start by reviewing the physics
of magnetic phenomena. We first
discuss Ampère's law. Ampère real-
ized that electrical currents are the
sources of the magnetic field and
described this by means of an ele-
gant and deceivingly simple equa-
tion [15], [16]:
	

#C Hv ·dlv = I,(1)
1943-0582/20©2020IEEE



IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2020

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2020

Contents
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