IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 8

may exhibit an impedance that has
a real component different from
50 Ω as well as a finite imaginary
value. As a result, the frequency res -
ponse experiences a deep notch, an
effect that can be compensated by a
DFE but not by a linear equalizer.
Analog equalization in Rxs is realized
by a continuous-time linear equalizer
(CTLE) and a DFE [Figure 2(a)].
The CTLE ideally " inverts " the channel,
i.e., it provides the inverse of
the channel's frequency response
so that the product of their transfer
functions has a relatively flat magnitude
up to the Nyquist frequency
[Figure 2(b)]. We say that the CTLE
" boosts " the high-frequency components
of the received data. In
practice, however, various tradeoffs
in CTLE design allow only partial
flattening of the response, thereby
requiring that the DFE perform further
equalization.
The significance of the Nyquist
is better apprefrequency,
f ,Nyq
ciated by examining the channel
response in the time domain. Consider
a random sequence of ones
and zeros arriving at a rate of rb
bb
=
tal frequency of (/ )/ =12 Nyqrf . This
b
periodic segment experiences the
greatest degradation in the channel,
as illustrated by the differential
waveforms in Figure 3(b) for a loss of
12 dB at
f .Nyq
But we also recognize
that the worst case occurs for the
first transition, which arrives after
bits
per second, i.e., with a bit period of
/.
1 rT As depicted in Figure 3(a),
such a sequence can follow a 0-1-
0-1 pattern for some time, e.g., from
5.3 to 5.4 ns, which we consider a
periodic signal having a fundamen5.25
ns, i.e., after the channel has
" relaxed. " As the periodic segment
proceeds, the output reaches the
steady state and a greater swing.
Basic CTLE Stage
The most common approach to creating
a boost at high frequencies
incorporates resistive and capacitive
degeneration in a differential
Channel
Din
Continuous-Time
Linear Equalizer
(a)
Channel
Response
CTLE
Response
Cascade
Response
Decision−Feedback
Equalizer
CK
Dout
ff f
(b)
fNyq
FIGURE 2: (a) A typical equalizer architecture and (b) an illustration of its overall frequency response.
0.55
0.6
0.65
0.7
0.75
0.8
0.85
0.9
0.6
0.65
0.7
0.75
0.8
0.85
5.25
5.3
Time (ns)
(a)
FIGURE 3: (a) The input and (b) output waveforms of a lossy channel.
8
FALL 2021
IEEE SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS MAGAZINE
5.35
5.4
5.25
5.3
Time (ns)
(b)
5.35
5.4
Voltage (V)
Voltage (V)

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021

Contents
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - Cover1
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - Cover2
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - Contents
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 2
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 3
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 4
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 5
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 6
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 7
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 8
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 9
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 10
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 11
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 12
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 13
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 14
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 15
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 16
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 17
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 18
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 19
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 20
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 21
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 22
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 23
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 24
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 25
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 26
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 27
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 28
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 29
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 30
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 31
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 32
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 33
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 34
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 35
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 36
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 37
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 38
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 39
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 40
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 41
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 42
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 43
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 44
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 45
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 46
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 47
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 48
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 49
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 50
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 51
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 52
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 53
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 54
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 55
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 56
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 57
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 58
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 59
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 60
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 61
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 62
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 63
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 64
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 65
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 66
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 67
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 68
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 69
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 70
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 71
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 72
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 73
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 74
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 75
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 76
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 77
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 78
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 79
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 80
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 81
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 82
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 83
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 84
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 85
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 86
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 87
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 88
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 89
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 90
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 91
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 92
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 93
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 94
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 95
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 96
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 97
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 98
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 99
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 100
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 101
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 102
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 103
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 104
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 105
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 106
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 107
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 108
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 109
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 110
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 111
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 112
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 113
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 114
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 115
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 116
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 117
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 118
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 119
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 120
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 121
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 122
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 123
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 124
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 125
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 126
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 127
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 128
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 129
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 130
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 131
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 132
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 133
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 134
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 135
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 136
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 137
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 138
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 139
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 140
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 141
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 142
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 143
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 144
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 145
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 146
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 147
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 148
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 149
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 150
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 151
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 152
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 153
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 154
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 155
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 156
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 157
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 158
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 159
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 160
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 161
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 162
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 163
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 164
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - Cover3
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - Cover4
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/mssc_fall2023
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/mssc_summer2023
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/mssc_spring2023
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/mssc_winter2023
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/mssc_fall2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/mssc_summer2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/mssc_spring2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/mssc_winter2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/mssc_fall2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/mssc_summer2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/mssc_spring2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/mssc_winter2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/mssc_fall2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/mssc_summer2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/mssc_spring2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/mssc_winter2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/mssc_fall2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/mssc_summer2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/mssc_2019summer
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/mssc_2019winter
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/mssc_2018fall
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/mssc_2018summer
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/mssc_2018spring
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/mssc_2018winter
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/solidstatecircuits_winter2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/solidstatecircuits_fall2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/solidstatecircuits_summer2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/solidstatecircuits_spring2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/solidstatecircuits_winter2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/solidstatecircuits_fall2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/solidstatecircuits_summer2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/solidstatecircuits_spring2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/solidstatecircuits_winter2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/solidstatecircuits_fall2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/solidstatecircuits_summer2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/solidstatecircuits_spring2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/solidstatecircuits_winter2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/solidstatecircuits_fall2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/solidstatecircuits_summer2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/solidstatecircuits_spring2014
https://www.nxtbookmedia.com