IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Winter 2022 - 25

connected between inverters, and the
accuracy was improved drastically.
Furthermore, power consumption was
lowered due to the reduced number of
inverters. Figure 5 displays the transition
of the conversion energy of videorate
10-bit ADC.
Until then, the conversion energy
of bipolar ADCs and CMOS ADCs
was antagonistic, and CMOS was
not necessarily low power. However,
compared to previous ADCs, this
ADC achieved a decisive low power
100
Bipolar/
Bi-CMOS
CMOS
10
1/8
Our Development
1
87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94
Published Year
FIGURE 5: Conversion energy of video-rate
10-bit ADCs [7].
8-bit
Low-Speed
ADC; DAC
8-bit
CPU
FIGURE 6: Early-stage, mixed-signal LSI for
a handy digital camcorder [8], [9]. (Source:
Panasonic.)
of one eighth. Afterward, all development
of video-rate ADCs began using
CMOS technology. By the way, the
figure of merit (FoM), that currently
represents the energy efficiency of
ADCs, is said to have been devised
by a technical journal to show that
this ADC has both high speed and
low power consumption.
6-bit
Video ADC
Digital
Video Filter
When ADCs became possible with
CMOS, IC technology evolved in the
direction of realizing low power and
low cost of the whole system by integrating
with digital circuits. This
began the evolution of the mixedsignal
system on a chip (SoC).
Figure 6 illustrates early-stage,
large-scale integramixed-signal
tion
(LSI) for a handy digital camcorder.
It was developed for handy
camcorders using digital signal
processing, as shown in Figure 7(a)
and (b). An 8-bit CPU for controlling
the system, a low-speed ADC and
digital-analog converter (DAC),
digital filter for image processing,
and video-rate ADC and DAC are
integrated in the chip [8], [9]. The
digital circuits are used for image
stabilization, color correction,
and auto focus. Thus, low-power
operation and reduced cost of ICs,
including ADCs, are required for
portable equipment. CMOS ADCs
and low-power, mixed-signal LSI
became key technologies for portable
video equipment.
Analog Imaging
CCD
Digital Image Stabilizing
MCUMCU
Analog ADC
Process
M
MCU
Digital Auto Focusing
AF Motor
(a)
REC/PLY
AMP
Cylinder Motor
MCU
Capstan Motor
Digital Servo
(b)
FIGURE 7: (a) A handy digital camcorder (Source: Panasonic.) and (b) signal processing circuits [8], [9]. CCD: charge-coupled device; AF: auto
focus; MCU: microcontroller unit; mic: microphone.
IEEE SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS MAGAZINE WINTER 2022
25
Y/C
Process
Motion DET,
Memory CNT
Field
Memory
Y/C
Process
Digital
DAC
Analog
Finder
Process
Audio
Process
Audio Out
Mic In
Video Out
Analog, Audio, Video Processing
Energy (pJ)

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Winter 2022

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Winter 2022

Contents
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Winter 2022 - Cover1
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Winter 2022 - Cover2
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Winter 2022 - Contents
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Winter 2022 - 2
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Winter 2022 - 3
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IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Winter 2022 - Cover3
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