IEEE Power Electronics Magazine - September 2021 - 26

understand this and co-operate to define the real-life application
needs. Figure 4 gives good insight into this ecosystem.
For example ES developers need to work with other
stakeholders to understand the average and peak currents
from the load, characteristics (volts, amps, impedance,
energy) of ambient energies available, the operational temperature
range, the number, frequency and depth of charge/
discharge cycles experienced, the trade-offs between energy
density and leakage current, the scope for using emerging
nanomaterials to improve energy density and reduce degradation
over life, for med tech applications any biocompatibility
or recycling/disposal issues, etc.
Whilst the need to link 'scientific disciplines' to the
'IoT applications' is obvious, integration of 'stakeholders'
is more subtle (particularly involving system integrators/
users) and needs close cooperation in component selection,
device and system specification, redundancy, reliability,
configurability, data processing needs and various
other application considerations. The 'related enabling
technologies' is an overlooked area particularly highlighted
by EnABLES and workshops such as EnerHarv. Standardization
and interoperability with supporting simulation
tools operating at device-level and system-level are also
critical enablers.
If stakeholders 'think about power' in co-designing and
selecting components, data gathering and processing architectures,
fine tuning to the application needs, significantly
improved battery life is possible. 5G is an excellent example
of 'related enabling technology,' where this can be achieved
if relevant features and configurations are understood and
exploited correctly.
Table 1 outlines several stakeholder initiatives including
projects, access programs, workshops, strategic roadmaps
and research clusters. In this article's context some
5G-related initiatives have been included. This only represents
those affiliated to the authors, but there are many
other notable clusters and alliances e.g. UC Berkeley, UCSD,
Georgia Tech in the USA.
Further details on some of the initiatives specifically
related to Power Sources Manufacturers Association
(PMSA) (where the co-authors lead energy harvesting activities)
and IEEE 5G roadmap are outlined below:PSMA:
EHC, EnerHarv and White Paper
In the PSMA Energy Harvesting Committee (EHC), we collect
compartmentalized constituents of an emerging technology
area and assemble in a meaningful way that not only
connects critical stakeholders, but provides the appropriate
Developers
Users
Sensors
Wireless
Comms
Energy
Harvesting
MCUs
Micro Power
Management
Energy
Storage
System
Integration
ICT
Low Power
Electronics
MEMS
Suppliers
Integrators
Scientific Disciplines
Related Enabling Technologies IoT Applications
FIG 4 Power IoT ecosystem of stakeholders [6]. (Source: courtesy of EnABLES)
26 IEEE POWER ELECTRONICS MAGAZINE z September 2021
Stakeholders
IEEE Power Electronics Magazine - September 2021

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