IEEE Power Electronics Magazine - September 2021 - 29

knowing it is approaching a threshold for loss of power
source can act to preserve state in a controlled shutdown
and resume when power returns. This has the potential for
incredible energy savings since redundant code execution
of frequent startups are avoided.
Heterogeneous System Integration: Figure 6 indicates
that IoT edge devices can be partitioned in different ways
(sensors, microcontrollers, transceivers and power-related
components.) In addition to electrical optimization/interoperability
issues, packaging factors need due care, ensuring
exposure to ambient energies/sensed environments versus
adequately protecting in harsh environments.
Planning, validation and commissioning: Perhaps you
heard the adage " Junk In = Junk Out. " The quality of your
product/performance will not materialize if the effort of
driving quality in design and test/qualification is lacking.
This is more salient as the system power budget decreases
and the chance of meeting battery life targets comes down
to differences of mA/μA. Current measurement error is
typically inversely proportional to current (rule of thumb)
so proper instrumentation, measurement, and characterization
are critical factors when it comes to bringing IoT/
IIoT/ULP solutions to fruition. Further compounding these
challenges are the high dynamic ratios between lowest and
highest power states, which can span four or more orders
of magnitude.
Recommendations, Conclusions and Future Work
The 1 trillion sensor IoT economy of 2025 will make our
world a more energy and resource efficient, safer, healthier
and better connected place. But it comes at a price, and
careful consideration is critically needed to reduce its
energy footprint. Herein, (beyond the more obvious virtues
of giving us better bandwidth and latency), lies a major
opportunity for 5G:■
At device level in enabling use of wireless devices which
are less power hungry, in many cases opening the door
for us to use energy harvesting technology with major
battery life extension if not full autonomy
■ At system level in reducing the PCF overhead needed to
perform these sensory functions
An improved awareness within the entire ecosystem of
5G and 'power IoT' stakeholders to understand and maximize
these potentials and collaboration is needed. This
article seeks to exemplify such benefits, stimulating such
an ecosystem to develop further to realize the potential
possible.
About the Authors
Mike Hayes (michael.hayes@tyndall.ie) (IEEE member) is
an internationally recognized thought and technology leader
developing 'Power IoT' solutions, building collaborations
between stakeholders, guiding and accelerating adoption
of this technology. Since 2008, he has led ICT for Energy
Efficiency activities at Tyndall National Institute, Cork,
Ireland. He has over 33 years of industry and academic
experience in 'ICT for Energy Efficiency' research focusing
on micro-power management and system integration.
He has written publications, roadmaps, contributed to EU
studies, presenting & chairing conferences and workshops.
Hayes is coordinator of the EnABLES 'Power IoT'
infrastructure project and chairman of PSMA's board of
directors. He is co-founder of their energy harvesting
committee and EnerHarv, a biennial international energy
harvesting workshop created in 2018. He obtained his M.
Eng.Sc degree in engineering (planar magnetics) from
University College Cork in 1993.
Brian Zahnstecher (bz@powerrox.com) is a senior
member of IEEE, chair of IEEE SFBAC Power Electronics
Society (PELS), and sits on PSMA board of directors, is
cofounder & co-chair of PSMA Reliability Committee, cochair
of PSMA Energy Harvesting Committee, and is Principal
of PowerRox. He also co-chairs IEEE Future Directions
(formerly 5G) Initiative webinar series and is the founding
co-chair of IEEE 5G Roadmap Energy Efficiency Working
Group and has lectured on this topic at major industry conferences.
He previously held positions in power electronics
with Emerson Network Power, Cisco, and Hewlett-Packard.
He has nearly 20 years of industry experience and holds
Master and Bachelor degrees from Worcester Polytechnic
Institute, MA, USA.
References
[1] P. Diamandis, M.D. Singularity University. https://singularityhub
.com/2015/05/11/the-world-in-2025-8-predictions-for-the-next-10-years/
[2] IEEE Future Networks Initiative-Energy Efficiency Working Group,
" Energy efficiency-1st edition white paper, " International Network Generations
Roadmap (INGR), Apr. 2020.
[3] B. Zahnstecher, " Derating the 5G network [expert view], " IEEE
Power Electron. Mag., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 69-73, Mar. 2021. doi: 10.1109/
MPEL.2020.3047288.
[4] B. Zahnstecher, " The 5G energy gap [expert view], " IEEE Power Electron.
Mag., vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 64-67, Dec. 2019. doi: 10.1109/MPEL.2019.
2947105.
[5] IEEE Future Networks Initiative-Energy Efficiency Working Group,
" Energy efficiency, 2021 edition, " International Network Generations Roadmap
(INGR), Apr. 9, 2021.
[6] https://www.enables-project.eu/outputs/position-paper/
[7] B. Zahnstecher and M. Hayes, " International workshop fosters energy
harvesting ecosystem [society news], " IEEE Power Electron. Mag., vol. 5,
no. 4, pp. 72-73, Dec. 2018. doi: 10.1109/MPEL.2018.2874758.
[8] http://www.enerharv.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/14-Enerharv
-Presentation-ULP-PMICs-for-Smart-Sensor-Nodes-Seamus-final2-TYNDALL
-ODRISCOLL-LECTURE-PDF-TO-POST-UPDATED-7-12-18.pdf
[9] A. S. Weddell, " Energy harvesting in future IoT devices, " University of
Southampton/ARM-ECS Research Centre, 2018 EnerHarv Workshop, Cork,
Ireland, May 31, 2018.
[10] A. Colin, G. Harvey, B. Lucia, and A. Sample, " An energy-interferencefree
hardware/software debugger for intermittent energy-harvesting systems, "
in Proc. ASPLOS 2016, Apr. 2-6, 2016.
September 2021 z IEEE POWER ELECTRONICS MAGAZINE 29

http://www.Eng.Sc https://singularityhub.com/2015/05/11/the-world-in-2025-8-predictions-for-the-next-10-years/ https://singularityhub.com/2015/05/11/the-world-in-2025-8-predictions-for-the-next-10-years/ https://www.enables-project.eu/outputs/position-paper/ http://www.enerharv.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/14-Enerharv-Presentation-ULP-PMICs-for-Smart-Sensor-Nodes-Seamus-final2-TYNDALL-ODRISCOLL-LECTURE-PDF-TO-POST-UPDATED-7-12-18.pdf http://www.enerharv.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/14-Enerharv-Presentation-ULP-PMICs-for-Smart-Sensor-Nodes-Seamus-final2-TYNDALL-ODRISCOLL-LECTURE-PDF-TO-POST-UPDATED-7-12-18.pdf http://www.enerharv.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/14-Enerharv-Presentation-ULP-PMICs-for-Smart-Sensor-Nodes-Seamus-final2-TYNDALL-ODRISCOLL-LECTURE-PDF-TO-POST-UPDATED-7-12-18.pdf

IEEE Power Electronics Magazine - September 2021

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