IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - July 2021 - 24

◆ A collaborative structure between the proposed feedback
controller and GSA is designed such that it will
minimize the nominal frequency variation and net
change in the tie-line power flow while maintaining
the system stability.
◆ The robustness of the proposed controller is authenticated
with different perturbed model parameters
from the nominal values. Additionally, to demonstrate
the sensitivity of the proposed controller
against the load variation, a variable load disturbance
profile is considered with both nominal and perturbed
system parameters.
◆ To showcase the effectiveness of the proposed controller
against increasing complexity and system nonlinearity,
the analysis is extended to an interconnected
four-area power system and a two-area power system
with GDB nonlinearity.
◆ The performance improvements of the considered
models by the proposed method are demonstrated
through a set of comparative studies from the existing
literature.
Methodology
The penetration of renewable energy sources contributes
substantially to the decarbonization of current
energy sectors and deceleration of the consequences of
climate change [36]. However, due to the variation in
the resources of renewable energy sources, unpredictability,
and locational constraints, a large-scale integration
with existing power system is challenging [37]. In
this study, the load frequency control
system of a PV
integrated thermal power system is considered. In this
section, the considered model and proposed controller
are discussed.
Two-Area PV Integrated Thermal Power Systems
A two-area hybrid power system model consisting of the
key components is shown in Figure 1(a). The power system
Kc
a1 + s
Area 1: PV Generation System
∆Ptie
Tie Line
-a12
+
+
+
-
B R
Ksg
1 + sTsg
Speed
Governor
Area 2: Reheater Thermal Plant
(a)
∆Pd1
Kc
a1 + s
Area 1: PV Generation
System
k1
x1
a2 + s
a3 + s
x2
+-
-
k2
+
x7
-a12
+
+
+
-
B R
Ksg
1 + sTsg
Area 2:
Reheater
k3
Thermal Plant
(b)
Figure 1. A two-area power system consisting of a PV module and reheater thermal power plant: (a) without a
controller and (b) with the proposed controller.
24 IEEE SYSTEMS, MAN, & CYBERNETICS MAGAZINE July 2021
x3
Kt
1 + sTt
k4
x4
1 + sKrTr
1 + sTr
k5
-a12
x5
∆Pd2
+
+++
-
-
Tie Line
2πT12
s
Kps
1 + sTps
k6
x6
+
-
∆f2
+
∆Ptie
∆f1
x3
Kt
1 + sTt
Turbine
x4
1 + sKrTr
1 + sTr
Reheater
-a12
∆Pd2
x5
+-
-
Kps
1 + sTps
Generator
and Load
x6
∆f2
x7
2πT12
s
+
-
∆Pd1
x1
a2 + s
a3 + s
x2
+-
-
∆f1

IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - July 2021

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