IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - July 2021 - 37

20, and m
applied in area 1 at time t 0s=
a is 100 [7], [40]. A step-load disturbance of 1% is
[7]. To demonstrate a comparative
performance of the system, the objective function
considered in this system is the same as in [7].
In this example, the maximum overshoot (),Mos
mum undershoot (),Mus
settling time (),ts
maxiISE,
and ITAE are
considered as the performance indices. The comparative
results of the performances are tabulated in Table 3. The performances
are obtained for the controller gains
., ., ., ., .,
== =- ==- 4 455
and k ..2 6387 It is evident from Table 3 that the minikk
kk k
6
10 0427 0 9589
==
#
1703 8 242
ISE 0 0119 10-5
12 34 5
mum ISE is obtained by the proposed method
(. )
in comparison to the CPSO-PI [32],
hBFO-PSO-PI [34], and IACO-FPID [7]. Improvement in
ITAE by the proposed method is also observed from the
cited references.
Significant improvements by the proposed method
are observed in the overshoot and undershoot values of
the frequency responses in both areas and the tie-line
power response. The responses of the system are
shown in Fig ure 6. Hence, the proposed method is capable
of addressing system nonlinearity while maintaining
system stability. Moreover, the proposed method
has also outperformed some of the existing techniques
from the literature.
Conclusion
In this article, an LFC is proposed for multiarea power systems.
A cooperative framework is designed between the
feedback controller and GSA to minimize the frequency
deviations in the respective areas and power deviation in
the tie line while maintaining the system stability. The proposed
method is validated through a two-area power system
consisting of a PV and reheater plant.
The sensitivity and robustness of the proposed controller
are tested against the nominal and perturbed system
parameters, considering fixed and variable load
disturbances. The robustness of the proposed controller is
also validated considering systems with two (the two-area
PV integrated thermal power system) or more unstable
poles (the four-area power system). The analysis is extended
to a four-area thermal power system. Furthermore, the
proposed method is also validated with a two-area power
system having GDB nonlinearity.
The results show improvement in the system performances
by the proposed method for all of the considered
models under all such cases. Additionally, comparative
studies show the superiority of the proposed method in the
frequency and power responses in comparison to existing
control techniques (e.g., PI, PID, fuzzy-based PID, and so on)
and soft computing techniques (e.g., the FA, GA, ICA, and so
on) from the literature. In the future, the authors would like
to explore a generalized range of operation of the controller
in each area of a power system while considering the physical
limits of the system parameters and verify the proposed
controller with hardware-in-loop simulation.
About the Authors
Arabinda Ghosh (phee16023@nitsikkim.ac.in) is with the
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, National
Institute of Technology Sikkim, Sikkim, 737139, India.
Omkar Singh (omkar20singh@gmail.com) is with the
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, National
Institute of Technology Sikkim, Sikkim, 737139, India.
Anjan Kumar Ray (akray.nits@gmail.com) is with the
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
National Institute of Technology Sikkim, Sikkim, 737139,
India. He is a Member of IEEE.
Mo Jamshidi (mojamshidi4@gmail.com) is with the
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University
of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, 78249,
USA. He is a Fellow of IEEE.
0 × 10-4
0 × 10-4
-2
-4
-6
-8
-2
-4
-6
-8
01 2
∆f1 (Hz)
∆f2 (Hz)
∆Ptie (p.u. MW)
05 10 15
Time (s)
20 25
Figure 6. The output responses of an interconnected
two-area power system with the GDB using the
proposed method.
References
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automatic generation control of interconnected power systems, " Ain Shams Eng. J.,
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[7] G. Chen, Z. Li, Z. Zhang, and S. Li, " An improved ACO algorithm optimized fuzzy
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IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 6429-6447, 2019. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2960380.
July 2021 IEEE SYSTEMS, MAN, & CYBERNETICS MAGAZINE 37
Output (∆f, ∆Ptie)

IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - July 2021

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